用RT-PCR法区别生前与死后伤

12只SD大鼠随机分为生前伤、死后伤、麻醉伤和正常对照四组，损伤时间为15min，取创缘皮肤为检材；IL－6引物为寡聚核着酸引物（27hP），内对照引物为Tx基因（20hP），用TRIZOLTMTotalRNA提取试剂盒抽据总RNA，AMV逆转录酶使mRNA逆转录成cDNA，PCR扩增得出：在生前伤、麻醉伤以及正常皮肤中均能扩增出IL－6cDNA片段（590hp）和内对照Tx基因片段（188b），在死后伤组只能扩增出Tx基因片段；图像分析凝胶灰度扫描；生前损伤组与麻醉组无显著性差异，而二者与正常皮肤组有统计学差异。藉此，运用RT－PCR法可以准确区别大鼠实验性损伤的生前伤与死后伤。     

解析词块教学法对英语四、六级翻译的重要意义

随着全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会对考试大纲的修订,翻译的题型、分值都发生了很大变化,重要性进一步凸显。基于词块的定义和分类的理论基础,结合四、六级翻译改革后的要求和学生翻译中普遍出现的问题,解析应用词块教学法对提高学生翻译能力的优越性。     

Zu den Voraussetzungen der Verbindungspflicht von Verfahren auf Durchführung von Erhaltungsarbeiten (§ 6 MRG) und auf Erhöhung der Mietzinse (§ 18 MRG)

Eine Verbindungspflicht nach § 6 Abs 4 MRG besteht nur dann nicht, wenn der Vermieter die Notwendigkeit einer Erh?hung der Hauptmietzinse zur Finanzierung der schon verfahrensgegenst?ndlichen und der von ihm beabsichtigten anderen Erhaltungsarbeiten nicht schlüssig darlegen kann. Nur dann (oder im Fall von privilegierten Arbeiten) ist eine Beschlussfassung nach § 6 Abs 1 MRG ohne Verbindung mit einer Entscheidung über die Erh?hung der Hauptmietzinse zul?ssig. Wird kein Widerspruch von der Mehrheit der Hauptmieter und dem Vermieter gegen die beantragten Arbeiten iSd § 6 Abs 4 Satz 1 MRG erhoben, verbleibt dem Vermieter als einzige M?glichkeit zur Abwendung der Finanzierung der verlangten Erhaltungsarbeiten aus verrechnungsfreien Geldern die Antragstellung nach den §§ 18ff MRG, wobei eben diesfalls die Verfahren zu verbinden sind und noch weitere Erhaltungsarbeiten mit einbezogen werden k?nnen. Es ist dem Vermieter aber verwehrt, ohne ein solches Vorgehen die Abweisung des Antrags nach § 6 Abs 1 MRG mit dem Argument, dass noch weitere Arbeiten erforderlich w?ren, zu erwirken.     

A Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity cost benefit analysis for use of nylon 4N6FLOQSwabs®

Forensic genetic laboratories are challenged with implementing innovation even if the benefits to operational performance are well demonstrated often because of internal budget constraints. A prospective cost–benefit analysis (CBA) could support justification for an increased budget by effectively demonstrating in a system-based approach the relatively small cost of increasing a laboratory budget can substantially reduce costs to society (both qualitatively and monetarily). A Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity CBA was performed using a more expensive swab (i.e., nylon 4N6FLOQSwabs®) compared with a less costly cotton swab. Ranges of input values and tangible and intangible benefits were considered. The outcome is that the relatively small increased cost of using a nylon swab pales compared with the potential tangible and intangible benefits to the overall system. This approach provides a sounder basis for requesting additional funds to support implementation of technologies and better approximates realistic situations while accommodating uncertainty of input values.     

A Bridge in Flux: Narratives and the Policy Process in the Pacific Northwest

Policy narratives play an important role in the policy process. Often policy narratives originate from advocacy coalitions seeking increased support from the public for their policy stance. Although most Narrative Policy Framework studies have focused on national policy issues, this study examines a state and local economic development project by exploring the policy narratives from competing coalitions in favor and opposed to the project. Specifically, in the Portland–Vancouver area of Oregon and Washington, local policy discussions have been dominated by a proposal for a new mega bridge on Interstate‐5 connecting the two cities across the Columbia River. A new government agency (CRC—Columbia River Crossing) was formed for the implementation of this project. Upon approval of a proposal, CRC experienced heavy backlash from citizens, local businesses, community leaders, and other stakeholders leading to the formation of two competing coalitions in opposition and support of the bridge. This study, using content analysis of 370 public documents, finds that competing coalitions utilize policy narratives in strategic ways to characterize the opposing coalition, themselves, and other actors in the policy subsystem. This study also suggests that the strength and cohesion of a coalition's narrative contributes to its policy success and the winning/losing status of a coalition potentially determines the types of strategies they will use. Last, this study introduces and tests a new narrative strategy called the impotent shift testing a coalition's strategic use of the victim character.     

Government Promotion of Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from the EU Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme

Governments play an active role in promoting corporate social responsibility and specifically environmental management system (EMS) programs, but few studies have examined the impact of such support on the decision of businesses to adopt EMS programs. We ask two questions in this paper: how does government support for EMS programs affect adoption of such programs? Second, what effect does this government support have on the pace of adoption of such programs? The answer to the first question can reveal how effective government programs are in boosting membership in EMS programs. The answer to the second reveals to what extent businesses within EU member states are converging upon particular EMS standards. We examine these questions in the context of the European Union’s Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), 2010–2014. There is significant variation in government support of EMAS across the EU and at the same time, EMAS competes for business attention with the more established ISO 14001. Our quantitative and qualitative analyses therefore reveal the effectiveness of government programs in boosting adoption, but also to the extent to which such programs cause convergence upon EMAS in the face of a competing standard such as ISO 14001.     

Use of styryl 11 and STaR 11 for the luminescence enhancement of cyanoacrylate-developed fingermarks in the visible and near-infrared regions

In current casework, most post-cyanoacrylate stains rely on luminescence emission in the visible region (400-700 nm). While traditional stains such as rhodamine 6G work well under most circumstances, some surfaces may generate background luminescence under the same conditions. Detection in the near-infrared region (NIR > 700 nm) has shown to be effective in minimizing the interferences from such surfaces. The laser dye styryl 11 generated strongly luminescent fingermarks when applied after cyanoacrylate fuming on all surfaces tested. When compared to rhodamine 6G, the dye was superior only when viewed in the NIR. Styryl 11 was subsequently combined with rhodamine 6G, and the mixed stain formulation (named StaR 11 by the authors) induced stronger luminescence compared with styryl 11 alone with an ability to visualize in both the visible and NIR regions. Reliable and consistent results were obtained when using either styryl 11 alone or the STaR 11 mixture. The enhancement achieved did not otherwise vary depending on the source of the fingermark secretions. With visualization possible in both the visible and NIR regions, the styryl 11/rhodamine 6G mixture showed significant potential as a post-cyanoacrylate stain.     

Legal grounds to process personal data under Spanish legislation after the ECJ Judgment of 24 November 2011 (the ASNEF and FECEMD case)

Spanish law on personal data protection regulates (among other issues) the legal bases that permit the processing of data in a way that is similar to that set out in Directive 95/46/EC. Consent constitutes the general rule although data may be processed without it if necessary for administration functions, within the framework of a contractual relationship, in order to safeguard the vital interests of the data subject or if they are included in sources accessible to the public. However, unlike the Directive, legitimate interest is not recognised as an independent reason for processing data, whereas a legal ground that is not set out in community law is included, i.e., sources accessible to the public. This paper analyses these two cases, taking as its starting point consent, along with the consequences that the ECJ Judgment of 24 November 2011 regarding the interpretation of Article 7 of Directive 95/46/EC may have and giving attention to the revision of this Directive itself.