Institutions and Morality Policy in Western Democracies

This article investigates whether different political institutions such as executives, legislatures, parties, party systems, judiciaries, decentralization, constitutionalism, and referendums across 24 Western democracies are venues for debate across five individual morality policies. Using data since 1945, the article compares three theories of morality policy—(1) Policy Type leading to different institutional venues; (2) Two Worlds of religious/secular party systems; and (3) U.S./European exceptionalism. In order, the most frequently debated issues are abortion, same sex marriage, euthanasia, stem cells/assisted reproductive technology (ART), and capital punishment. There is considerable variation in the institutions and country groups that debate them although fewer differences in the Two Worlds model. Abortion, euthanasia, and same sex marriage are the most convergent issues across institutions, party systems, and country groupings while capital punishment and stem cells/ART show the most diverse patterns of deliberation. The general Policy Type model of morality policy is upheld, but varies institutionally by specific issues. The Two Worlds model is of some importance, but only on three issues. There also are regional differences between the United States, Europe, and non‐European democracies.     

Mutual and Self Perceptions of Opposing Advocacy Coalitions: Devil Shift and Angel Shift in a German Policy Subsystem

In political conflicts, actors tend to assume that opponents behave maliciously. This phenomena is part of the “devil shift,” which was introduced in advocacy coalition framework research. We present a multivariate analysis of the perceptions of motives and actions of opposing coalitions in a political conflict and thereby analyze a major dimension of the “devil shift” and of its antonym “angel shift.” The conflict concerning the German infrastructure project Stuttgart 21 serves as a case study. We show that the radicalness of policy‐specific beliefs is the most important predictor for the intensity of mutual misperception in the researched conflict. The results further point to a more systematic inclusion of an actor's deep normative core beliefs in future analyses of distorted perception. Another central finding relates to the importance of the personal environment: actors in the subsystem share the same policy core beliefs with the majority of people in their personal environment.     

Power Sector Reforms and Technical Performance: Good News from an Instrumental Variable Analysis

Over the past three decades, various power sector reforms have overhauled the governance of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution in almost a hundred countries. Have these reforms produced benefits? Using instrumental variables, we improve upon earlier studies and demonstrate that power sector reforms enacted between 1982 and 2008 have both had large positive effects on the availability of generation capacity and reduced transmission and distribution losses. We also show that the positive effects on generation capacity are pronounced in developing countries and that hybrid reforms falling short of privatization and free competition are effective in improving generation capacity in particular. Overall, the results show that these reforms are an effective tool to remove an important constraint on economic growth.     

重组鸡白细胞介素6对不同种类疫苗的免疫增强作用

为评价重组鸡白细胞介素6(rChIL-6)在商品鸡体内对不同种类疫苗的免疫增强作用,采用不同接种方式,应用rChIL-6分别对不同种类新城疫病毒(NDV)单联疫苗和新城疫病毒-传染性支气管炎病毒-禽流感病毒H9亚型三联疫苗(NDV-IBV-H9)进行了免疫增强试验以及传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)单联油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫增强田间试验,并进行了将rChIL-6与NDV Ⅳ系预混合乳化制备成的灭活疫苗的免疫试验.结果表明,将rChIL-6与NDVⅣ系、Ⅰ系活疫苗预混合后分别采用滴鼻点眼、肌肉注射接种方式的免疫增强效果优于其他方式;rChIL-6与NDV抗原预混后制备成油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫增强效果优于将相同抗原量的NDV油乳剂灭活疫苗和rChIL-6同时分点免疫接种.rChIL-6对NDV油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫增强效果优于活疫苗,对NDV单联灭活疫苗的免疫增强效果优于NDV-IBV-H9三联灭活疫苗.田间试验表明,rChIL-6对IBDV油乳剂灭活疫苗首免和二免都具有显著的免疫增强作用,二免的免疫增强效果优于首免.这些研究结果为进一步开展新型鸡基因工程免疫增强剂研究奠定了基础.     

鸡IL-1β和IL-2及IL-6基因实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立检测鸡IL-1β、IL-2及IL-6基因的荧光定量PCR方法,根据GenBank上IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6的基因序列,在保守区设计并合成了各自的特异引物,选择β-actin和GAPDH基因为内参,采用SYBRGreen Ⅰ染料法,以常规PCR产物为标准品,建立标准曲线,并进行熔解曲线分析.结果显示,各基因标准曲线的C_1值检测范围在12～33左右,具有良好的线性关系,r~2均大于0.990.熔解曲线分析表明,产物为特异的单峰.结果表明,建立的鸡IL-1β、IL-2及IL-6基因实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法灵敏度高、特异性强、检测周期短,为从mRNA水平对鸡IL进行定量分析奠定了基础.     

Individualrecht jedes Wohnungseigentümers gegenüber dem WE-Verwalter auf jederzeitige,bloß durch das allgemeine Schikaneverbot begrenzte Einsichtnahme in die Belege des gesonderten Kontos der Eigentümergemeinschaft nach § 20 Abs 6 WEG 2002

Der WE-Verwalter hat, ausgestattet mit allen Rechten und Pflichten eines Machthabers iSd §§ 1002ff ABGB, nach § 20 Abs 6 WEG 2002 jedem Wohnungseigentümer auf dessen Verlangen jederzeit (§ 1012), also ohne Beschr?nkung auf bestimmte Zeitr?ume oder auf das Vorliegen wichtiger Gründe, Einsicht in die Belege des gesonderten Kontos der Eigentümergemeinschaft (oder des Anderkontos des WE-Verwalters) zu erm?glichen. Dieses Individualrecht wird lediglich durch das allgemeine Schikaneverbot gem § 1295 ABGB begrenzt.     

Detection of pretreated fingerprint fluorescence using an LED-based excitation system

Abstract:  Optimization of a light emitting diode (LED)-based excitation system for the detection of pretreated fingerprint fluorescence is described. Fluorescent ridges can usually be excited by irradiation with forensic light sources such as xenon arc lamps or quartz-halogen lamps with high-power output and suitable filters. However, they are too expensive for many crime laboratories in smaller organizations. We concentrated on LEDs which have advantages over conventional light sources in that they are simpler and of lower cost, but the power output and quality of each individual LED unit is not sufficient for the detection of weak fluorescent ridges. To resolve this subject, blue and green LED arrays composed of ninety LED units were adopted and suitable low pass filters for them were designed. An experimental system, consisting of blue and green LED arrays with the suitable low pass filters for illumination, high pass filters for viewing, a digital camera and a computer, was tested. The fluorescent images of cyanoacrylate ester fumed/rhodamine 6G stained fingerprint on white polyethylene sheet and weak fluorescent ridges of ninhydrin/indium chloride treated fingerprint on white paper were successfully detected and photographed. It was shown that the improvement of LED beam in intensity and quality can compensate the disadvantages, resulting in well-contrasted images.     

Subsumtionsautomat oder Ersatzgesetzgeber?

Der Beitrag besch?ftigt sich mit jener Rolle, die der Rechtsprechung bezüglich der Weiterentwicklung des ?sterreichischen Wohnrechts zukommt. Er zeigt ua die praktische Bedeutung auf, die der richterlichen Rechtsanwendung und Rechtsfortbildung in diesem Bereich zukommt, thematisiert die Frage, ob es in der wohnrechtlichen Rechtsprechung zu "Grenzverwischungen" zwischen Rechtsanwendung und Rechtspolitik kommt und analysiert charakteristische St?rken und Schw?chen von richterlicher Rechtsfortbildung im Wohnrecht.     

Institutional Collective Action on Drugs: Functional and Vertical Dilemmas of Unused Pharmaceuticals

The authors use the Institutional Collective Action Framework to analyze the barriers, opposition, and opportunities for residential pharmaceutical disposal programs in the United States via a case study on a series of take‐back programs pioneered in the state of Washington by local and state governments, as well as the corresponding backlash from federal agencies. While successful in some ways, these innovative solutions directly challenged the competing federal policy regimes controlled by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and, to a lesser extent, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Findings from case studies suggest that functional dilemmas created by existing institutions with entrenched regulatory regimes are a key challenge to finding efficient solutions to vertical ICA dilemmas. Conclusions, then, connect to the broader ICA research agenda, and implications for multi‐level governance issues.