Vetospieler und die Durchsetzbarkeit von Side‐Payments

Once an agreement is signed at the international level, it can no longer be modified during the domestic decision‐making process. However, it is possible to compensate potential veto players by a purely domestic legislative act. Under which circumstances do such side‐payments make sense, and what is the role played by political strategies? In order to be compensated, an actor needs to be considered a veto player. Furthermore, the defenders of the international agreement must have a sufficiently large interest in its ratification to be willing to offer compensations. These basic conditions fulfilled, the existence or not of side‐payments depends on the strategic interactions between the political actors. In the last ten years, Swiss citizens had to vote twice on an international agreement establishing free movement of persons. In both cases, the unions asked for flanking measures; while they failed in their attempt in the context of the European Economic Area, they succeeded in the case of the bilateral agreements. This difference in outcome is all the more surprising since in both cases the unions were in a veto player position and the export oriented economy had a strong interest in the ratification of the agreements. This article explains the different fate of the unions' claims by stressing the role of changes in actor strategies. The credibility of the threat to block the decision‐making process and the succession of the game sequences are in this perspective of paramount importance. By using strategically the veto threat, domestic groups such as unions are able to benefit from internationalisation.     

转型期的制度推进:支持性制度化与修复性制度化

我国转型期的制度推进 ,从全球化看 ,分为外制度化与内制度化 ;而从本土视角解读转型期的内制度化 ,它包括支持性制度化和修复性制度化两方面的进程。我国转型期的制度化需求 ,因市场经济体制构建和结构转型而迅速提高 ,但支持性制度化与修复性制度化进程展开的非均衡性 ,不仅影响到转型期的整体制度推进 ,而且对全面建设小康社会也产生着影响。     

对公安院校特色建设的思考

公安院校为提高教育教学质量需要进行特色建设,目前已形成不同于其他院校的特色,主要是:警察职业的培养目标、实行警务化管理、突出实践教学、师资队伍具有双重角色、地方和时代色彩浓厚、独特的校园警察文化。如何加强公安院校的特色建设呢?加强领导,确定特色培养目标;加强师资队伍建设,充分发挥教师特长;改革课程设置,开展学科特色建设;加强教育科研工作;从严治警,从严治校是加强公安院校特色建设的基本途径和措施。     

中国国家现代化历程与中华民族的觉醒

民族的觉醒也就是近现代民族意识的形成 ,它是一个民族从自在走向自为的关键 ,是在一定的经济和历史条件下 ,与国家体制的现代化、近现代国民的形成紧密相关的历史进程。其核心内容为对建立主权独立完整和主权在民的近现代国家 (单一民族国家或多民族国家 )这一历史使命的认识。现代民族意识觉醒具有大众性和实践性两个特征。 2 0 0 0多年统一的多民族的封建国家的历史造就了中华民族这一族际共同体 ,然而在“天下国家”专制君主体制下 ,中华民族只能以自在的方式存在。近代西方列强的入侵摧毁了中国的“天下国家”体系和观念 ,同时中国各族在团结御侮、救国救民的斗争中加强了对中华民族的认同。 2 0世纪初 ,中华民族开始其觉醒的历史进程 ,经历了三个阶段 ,至194 9年中华人民共和国的成立 ,最终完成了从自在到自为的转变。     

India's South Asia policy in the twenty-first century: new approach,old strategy

Maintaining regional supremacy and stability and denying extra-regional actors a military foothold in South Asia have long been key objectives of India's regional policy. In pursuance of these objectives, India displayed a willingness to undertake coercive action against its smaller South Asian neighbours. Evidence of this is seen in the military intervention in Sri Lanka (1987–1990) and a virtual economic blockade of Nepal (1989–1990). However, during the past decade, India appeared to draw away from such overt interventionist policies and even accepted outside actors like Norway and the United Nations being involved in the peace process in Sri Lanka (2002–2006) and Nepal (2006–2011), respectively. Notwithstanding India's apparent shift in behaviour, these actions do not represent a fundamental change in the country's traditional policy towards the region.     

Legislative Participation in Budgetary Systems: Is there Evidence of Convergence?

Concepts such as lesson-drawing, policy diffusion, policy transfer and, more recently, “isomorphic mimicry” have been used to suggest that, over time, administrative practices, policies and governance systems across countries are converging. Three different sources of data are used to examine the extent of convergence in the roles of legislatures in budget processes. Taken together, there is very limited evidence of convergence despite the efforts of entities such as the International Budget Partnership or and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development.     

侦查讯问犯罪嫌疑人的正当法律程序——以权利与权力的适度平衡为视角

作为一种重要的刑事侦查方法,讯问犯罪嫌疑人的行为直接反映诉讼程序的公正程度并最终影响诉讼结果的正当性。犯罪嫌疑人的主体尊严和人权保障的人道诉求,对侦查权力的理性运行寄予了最基本的期待。根据国际刑事司法准则的要求,赋予犯罪嫌疑人必要的知情权、反对自我归罪权、及时获得律师帮助权和免受酷刑是侦查讯问正当法律程序的底限公正基准。域外关于侦查讯问的正当法律程序成功范例以及我国侦查权力本位的程序运行经验教训表明,唯有以权利制约权力,才是防止侦查权力的滥用,保护涉讼公民基本人权的有效途径。让犯罪嫌疑人享有基本的防御权利,使个人权利和国家权力之间达到适度平衡,是我国侦查讯问正当法律程序的必然走向。     

城市化进程中可能出现的社会问题

城市化进程是不以人的意志为转移的。自解放至今，由于我们过多地强调政策的作用，使 城市化走了不少弯路。在我国经济高速发展的今天，遵循城市化发展的规律，充分发挥党 在基层组织中的作用，是避免城市化进程中出现社会问题的关键。     

新中国选举制度六十年发展的回顾与思考

新中国共颁布了两部选举法。其中第二部选举法经历了四次修改、一次补充。建国60年来,我国的选举制度取得了重大进展：享有选举权的主体从有限发展到普遍;选举权的平等性从着眼于实质平等逐渐向统一实质与形式平等方向发展;从记名投票发展到无记名投票;直接选举范围从基层扩大到县级,并逐步向高层迈进;从等额选举发展到差额选举。但选举制度还存在一些问题,需要进一步进行完善,以有力地促进民主政治建设。     

论构建多元化的认罪案件处理程序

构建多元化的认罪案件处理程序是犯罪多样化的必然选择,也是提高诉讼效率,实现个别正义的迫切需要。我国认罪案件办理程序单一,适用范围狭小,已不适应犯罪形势发展的要求。应当通过改革,实现认罪案件办理程序的多元化。借鉴辩诉交易制度的合理内核,建立认罪协商程序;设置提审程序,增强认罪案件办理程序的正当性;针对认罪案件的不同特点,分别适用书面审程序、简易程序、重罪简易程序、快速审判程序,以节省司法资源,提高诉讼效率。