Breaking The Cycle Of Intergenerational Child Maltreatment: A Case For Active Efforts For Dependent Minor Parents And Their Children In State Custody

Dependent minor parents placed in foster care with their children often face significant hurdles. These parents are responsible to make caregiving decisions for their children, while they themselves fall under the caregiving responsibility of the state child welfare system. As such, dependent minor parents live in a “twilight zone” – they hold full parental rights, but limited rights as teenagers. For a number of reasons, the children of minor parents in foster care often come into state custody. When two generations are in foster care at the same time, states must balance the safety and best interests of the children with the rights of minor parents to care for their own children. Currently, the state child welfare system is only required to provide “reasonable efforts” to reunify parents with children when they have been removed from their care for abuse, neglect, or dependency. However, dependent minor parents in state custody often require more supportive services in order to successfully reunify with their children than in a typical child welfare case. This article places the circumstance just described in the context of dependent minor parents’ constitutionally protected rights, and advocates for a higher standard which would require states to provide “active efforts” to protect and preserve these young families.     

Learning to Mediate? The Mediation Support Unit and the Production of Expertise by the UN

The UN Mediation Support Unit (MSU) was created to support peace processes and enable organizational learning. This article analyses the unit through a sociological lens with the aim to understand its present configuration, and what this reveals about the production of knowledge about mediation at the UN. It argues that, because of the constraints imposed by intrastate wars and the existing institutional setting within the Secretariat, the MSU emphasizes generic and depoliticized expertise, by contrast with mediation's traditional reliance on non-transferable skills. This approach, in spite of its pitfalls, enables the unit to justify its own existence and to claim a position of authority within the organization and beyond.     

Media in the Policy Process: Using Framing and Narratives to Understand Policy Influences

Policy scholarship has long sought to understand the role of knowledge and information in the policy process. Of the actors, institutions, and resources involved in shaping policy processes and outcomes, media and narratives have been incorporated into empirical policy scholarship and theories with varying success. The Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) is a framework through which scholars can bring analysis of narratives into studies of policy making. The NPF moves the field forward in understanding the role of narratives, communication, and stakeholder beliefs in the policy process, while at the same time striving for theoretical rigor. We embed the discussion of frames and narratives in the NPF to provide an empirical and theoretical cohesion to our understanding of media and public policy and then provide a brief empirical example of how such an integration may prove fruitful for policy scholars.     

Bring in the experts? Citizen preferences for independent experts in political decision-making processes

Do citizens welcome the involvement of independent experts in politics? Theoretical and empirical work so far provides conflicting answers to this question. On the one hand, citizens may demand expert involvement in political decision-making processes in order to ensure efficient and effective governance solutions. On the other hand, citizens can be distrustful of experts and reject the unaccountable and non-transparent nature of expert-based governance. This note investigates citizen preferences for the involvement of experts in different stages of political processes and across ‘hard’ and ‘easy’ political issues. Results show that, in the absence of explicit output information, respondents prefer independent experts over national elected representatives in the policy design and implementation stages, across political issues. For the crucial stage of decision making, respondents show no difference in their evaluation of processes that delegate decisions to experts or to elected representatives, with the exception of environmental policy, where expert decision making is preferred. These findings are relevant for ongoing discussions on how to incorporate independent experts in political decision making in a way that citizens find legitimate and on how to address increased citizen dissatisfaction with the representative democratic functions performed by political parties, governments and politicians.     

The advocacy coalition framework in Japan: Contributions to policy process studies and the challenges involved

The advocacy coalition framework (ACF), a unified framework for understanding the policy process, has been applied in various countries and regions; however, there are few contributions from Japan, despite seemingly favorable conditions for applying it. An exploration of what hinders ACF applications in Japan is worthwhile for developing the ACF as a framework for comparative policy process studies across various social and political settings. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review previous Japanese ACF studies. Our review found that Japanese ACF studies are fewer in number, have less coverage of policy fields, and have less methodological diversity and transparency than international trends. While most of the Japanese ACF studies supported the basic hypotheses of the ACF, we found a need to refine some hypotheses and research methods of the ACF studies. We also discuss the background factors in the inactivity of ACF studies in Japan and suggest solutions for it.     

企业集群发育形成过程中的创业机制分析

在探讨创业机制内涵的基础上,分析企业集群中的创业机制,从微观角度分析创业机制在企业集群发育、成长、升级过程中的作用,指出企业集群战略的基点和要旨是建立完善有效的创业机制。     

Fight or flight: Integral emotions and violent intentions

The effect of proximate emotions on risk perceptions is of central importance to criminal decision‐making theory, but has been understudied. We investigate the role of two integral (situational specific) emotional responses, anger and fear, in a decision‐making context regarding the choice to commit assault. We draw on dual‐process models of information processing and appraisal theory to propose a theoretical model in which integral emotions influence decisions and behavior. Using data from an experiment embedded in a survey to a nationwide sample of adults (N = 804), we test the interrelated roles of anger, fear, and traditional rational choice considerations on the intention to commit assault. We find a strong direct association between emotions and intentions to commit assault. Additionally, anger and fear moderate the effect of cognitive deliberations on behavioral intentions and provide a lens through which to evaluate a criminogenic opportunity.     

正交试验优选复方青风藤巴布剂的提取工艺

目的 优选复方青风藤巴布剂的最佳提取工艺。方法 以青藤碱、桂皮醛的含量和干膏得率为评价指标,采用正交设计法考察乙醇浓度、乙醇用量、提取时间和提取次数对提取结果的影响,确定最佳提取工艺。结果 最佳提取工艺参数为加6倍量的90%乙醇,提取3次,每次1.5 h。结论 优选的提取工艺稳定、可行。     

正交设计优选黄芩栀子合煎工艺

目的 正交设计优选黄芩栀子合煎工艺。方法 采用正交试验法,考察加水量、煎煮时间、煎煮次数对黄芩、栀子合煎液中栀子苷含量、黄芩苷含量及干膏得率的影响。结果 优选出的最佳提取工艺为：加8倍量水,提取3次,每次0.5 h。结论 所优选的工艺稳定、合理、可行,可为合理开发含有黄芩、栀子药对的复方制剂提供理论依据。     

基于质量标志物的白芍配方颗粒量值传递规律及工艺优化研究

目的 研究白芍配方颗粒生产过程中白芍质量标志物的量值传递规律,优化其制备工艺。方法 通过白芍质量标志物6个成分含量及转移率,分析白芍饮片-提取液-浓缩液-干膏粉-配方颗粒中的量值传递关系,寻找生产过程中关键影响因素;并以出膏率、质量标志物的含量为考察指标,结合信息熵赋权法优化工艺关键参数。结果 浓缩和制粒两个过程中,6种成分含量略下降,但无显著性差异（P>0.05）,且转移率相对较高;提取过程中,氧化芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、没食子酰芍药苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等5种成分含量分别下降44.00%、24.74%、27.50%、19.57%、37.25%,其中芍药苷、没食子酰芍药苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等3种成分含量有显著性差异（P<0.05）,且氧化芍药苷的平均转移率为51.98%,相对较低;干燥过程中,6种成分含量均有降低趋势,其中芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、没食子酰芍药苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等4种成分的转移率分别降低10.79%、11.29%、15.45%、10.95%,均有显著性差异（P<0.05）;提示关键过程为提取和干燥过程,进一步确定关键影响因素为提取时间和干燥温度。通过优化,确定最佳工艺为“白芍饮片加10倍量水,浸泡30 min后,煎煮40 min,再加8倍量水,煎煮40 min;70℃减压浓缩至相对密度为1. 07~1. 09 g/mL,以进风温度为140℃进行喷雾干燥;加适量糊精,混合均匀,干法制粒”。经过优化,芍药内酯苷、芍药苷、没食子酰芍药苷、苯甲酰芍药苷等转移率在提取过程中分别增加16.73%、9.50%、12.92%、7.48%,均有显著性差异（P<0.01）,在干燥过程中分别增加15.68%、11.80%、11.69%、10.42%,均有显著性差异（P<0.01）。结论 优化的工艺稳定、重复性好,白芍质量标志物中6种成分很大程度上得到保留,白芍配方颗粒的整体质量得到提升,为之后的生产和质量控制提供科学参考。