从居民到公民:社区人的成长——以上海为例

社区的蓬勃发展需要"人"这一主体的成长,社区人由居民到公民的成长,将为社区这一新型公共空间的发展提供行为主体.这种成长需要进行民主的训练和组织化的培育,上海社区居民委员会不断扩大的直接选举和社区民间组织的自组织发展为社区人公民性的成长提供了空间.而社区人的这种成长将为城市基层社会的治理提供动力,是使民主运转起来的重要力量,推动着城市社区的快速发展.     

Targeting relevant sampling areas for human biological traces: Where to sample displaced bodies for offender DNA?

Sampling strategy is one of the deciding factors in DNA typing success rates. Small amounts of bodily fluid traces and (skin) contact traces are currently not visualized in standard forensic practice. Trace recovery is usually based on the information available in a particular case and on the experience and ‘forensic common sense’ applied by the trace recovery expert. Interactions between an offender and a victim may have characteristic features, resulting in specific trace patterns. Understanding these interactions, and their resulting trace patterns, might improve crime related trace recovery as well as DNA typing success rates.In this study, we examined the interactions between offender and victim when a body has been relocated from one position/location to another. The contact between the hands of the offender and the body of the victim was visualized using a fluorescent dye in a lotion that was applied to the hands of the individual undertaking the relocation. The contact locations were scored and patterns were analyzed based on both victim and offender characteristics (height, weight, age, gender). The resulting patterns were compared to current trace recovery practices in the Netherlands. The results of this large-scale study facilitate evidence-based sampling supporting both investigative and evaluative forensic examinations.     

Deconstructing the multi-layered nature of citizen participation in Vietnam: conceptual connotations,discourses of international development,and the country’s institutional context

ABSTRACT

Citizen participation is challenging to define in terms of meaning and application. This article begins with setting out the multi-dimensional nature of citizen participation in development. Through conceptual and contextual explorations, this article deconstructs the layers in the following ways: First, citizen participation is embedded with several conceptual connotations, therefore it is manifested to varying degrees and in different scopes of opportunity for citizens to affect policy decisions. Varieties of participation become more diverse when it comes to the power dynamics of different stakeholders, ranging from the government to citizens. Furthermore, its substantive presentation is intimately linked with the variables of citizen empowerment and government responsiveness. The second layer concerns the participatory development approaches of external development agencies. This article articulates how development discourses have integrated and developed the concept of participation, exploring the trajectory and critical concerns raised. The final layer concerns context, particularly Vietnam’s legal and policy frameworks, which explores consistencies and discrepancies between institutional settings and the presentation of citizen participation.     

论法人的基本权利主体地位

美国宪法并没有规定公司是基本权利主体,美国联邦最高法院在很多判例中亦认定美国宪法的特权与豁免条款不适用于公司。宪法第14修正案通过后,尤其是自19世纪80年代以来,美国联邦最高法院逐渐将宪法的保护扩大适用于公司,使得公司成为某些宪法基本权利的主体。这一转变迎合了美国经济发展的需要,使得国内统一大市场的建立成为可能。本文借鉴美国的宪法实践,细致梳理了公司作为基本权利主体的相关理论。     

Progress,Perceptions and Peace in the Sino-Indian Relationship

The Chinese and Indian government are eager to intensify bilateral ties. This paper evaluates whether this enthusiasm has positively affected perceptions of the two societies in general, political actors and experts. A review of opinion polls, publications and official documents learned that this is not the case. Mutual perceptions are marked with ambivalence and distrust.

论公民意识与公安执法关系

公民意识是社会意识的一个方面,对社会存在具有一定的反作用。公民意识与公安执法工作互为条件、互相促进、互相影响、互相作用。重视公民意识的培养和强化是新形势下公安执法工作创新发展的正确选择。     

农民“民告官”心理类型化研究

行政诉讼制度在我国确立已有16年,她对民主与法治观念的普及起到了巨大的作用,但目前该制度在我国农村的运行状况还很不理想。通过实地调查,我们得出农民不提起行政诉讼的心理原因可能是因为“不敢告”、“不愿告”、“不懂告”,其中“不懂告”是最主要原因,而不是人们通常认为的“不敢告”。     

公共部门创造市场化公共价值的实证研究——基于公民为先的善治理念视角

随着公共事务复杂度与数量的急剧增加，公民意识的觉醒与NGO组织的涌现，公共价值的内涵已发生时间序列的变化，公共部门对社会声誉及公信力的获得已由自然继承转变为争夺，一系列市场化因素迫使公共部门面临需求差异化与供给多元化的双重压力。公共部门管理中，公民为先的善治理念的整体缺失，导致公共部门对公民需求、环境变化不敏感，这是与公共部门“创造公共价值”的本意想违背的。因而市场化公共价值创造，公共关系管理和公信力建设成为公共部门营销的崭新课题。文章构建公共部门的市场化公共价值构念，即公民消费公共产品从而获得的消费者价值，应用结构方程模式（SEM）实证分析，说明公共部门在竞争性公共产品市场中，为实现公共价值创造的核心职能，应当顺应公民社会需要，秉持公民为先理念，通过“政府再造”，提升公共服务品质，积极拓展社会享誉度及公信力。     

坚持“四有”建设目标 促进人的全面发展

培养“四有”公民、促进人的全面发展,既是社会主义精神文明建设的根本任务,也是社会主义文化建设的根本任务;培养“四有”公民的目标与人的全面发展的要求,从根本上来说是一致的;在新形势下,系统学习培育“四有”公民和促进人的全面发展的思想,具有重要的实践指导意义。     

论公共利益之合理界定——以“中国最牛的钉子户”为视角

公共利益理念是行政执法中的核心理念，然而，目前学界对其认识不够理想。对于公共利益的界定、公共利益与公民个人利益的冲突、公共利益认定的程序等问题也缺乏相应的研究。笔者认为。在以公共利益之名行使行政职权时，应当从实体方面和程序方面界定公共利益，赋予公民一定的救济权利和救济途径，充分尊重和保护公民的基本生存权。