共产国际、联共(布)与中共早期主要领导人的更替

中共成立后至1931年间,其主要领导人发生了几次大的更替。它们都是在共产国际与联共(布)的掌控下完成的。莫斯科在取舍中共主要领导人时,更多的是顺从自己的理论指向或自身利益的需要。按照莫斯科的意图来取舍中共的主要领导人,给中国革命事业和中共党的自身建设带来了两个主要弊端:一是共产国际、联共(布)的理论指向和自身利益不一定符合中国革命的利益;二是这样做的结果使中共主要领导人的更替完全围绕着莫斯科的意图来进行,党不能独立自主地选择自己的领导核心。两个弊端给中共领导的革命事业以及自身建设带来了不利影响。     

数字时代反规避权立法的比较与反思

反规避权系版权法为应对数字时代的挑战而创设的一项与传统的著作权截然不同的权利。反规避权自问世以来,不断受到来自各方面的批评,而且事实上也产生了诸多的消极影响。在各国的立法例中,虽然有关反规避权的制度安排不尽相同,但对于反规避权的消极作用的法律规制均存在一定的缺陷。我国在给予反规避权保护的前提下,更应该尽快完善对于该项权利行使的限制。     

陪审团在死刑案件中适用的价值分析

死刑案件作为最严重的案件,作为关涉公民生命权的案件,它的审判是我们在构建正当法律程序时需要关注的重点。文章以价值分析为主视角,从哲学思辨和实证分析入手,提出在我国的死刑案件中引入陪审团审判,以构建强大的死刑案件普通审程序之设想,试图通过在死刑案件中引入陪审团审判,扩大刑事司法中的民众参与和司法民主,促进司法公正和社会正义之实现。     

审理期限制度浅析

长期以来,我国司法实践中存在的超审限问题严重影响了审判效率,损害了法院形象及人民利益,对之进行研究和治理,刻不容缓。文章对我国审理期限制度的现状进行了分析,并与国外的相关制度进行了比较,在此基础上提出了解决超审限问题的方法。     

当代中国卫生防疫体系建设及其经验

当代中国卫生防疫体系是在战争、贫困和疫病的困扰下逐渐起步的。面对旧时代遗留下来的薄弱卫生工作基础,在毛泽东等老一辈党和国家领导人的部署和领导下,全国上下齐心协力,攻坚克难,初步创建了中华人民共和国卫生防疫体系。改革开放以来,中国经济快速发展的同时,卫生防疫体系逐步在完善,并且经历了从单一的卫生防疫向全面的疾病防控,再到以"人民健康为中心"的两次较为明显的演变。经过七十多年的建设,我们科学防疫精神的实践理性得到发扬,取得丰富的经验,使我们的卫生防疫体系在抗击新冠肺炎疫情中发挥实质作用。     

贪污受贿犯罪定罪量刑标准的变迁与反思——以《刑法修正案(九)》的出台为视角

1997年《刑法》以数额为中心的定罪量刑标准缺乏社会适应性;各法定刑量刑幅度交叉现象严重;贪贿犯罪刑罚减免规定存在"宽严皆失"的弊端;生刑与死刑差距过大,资格剥夺措施一直缺位。《刑法修正案(九)》虽针对诸多问题作出了调整,但贪污与受贿的关系、终身监禁的落地实施等问题仍有待研究。为此,应降低贪贿入罪标准,扩大地方自由权,以无期徒刑重构终身监禁制度,厘清贪污受贿关系并严密刑罚裁量情节,废除贪贿犯罪刑罚减免制度。     

国际制度设计视角下的澜湄合作

为什么在湄公河流域已经存在数十个国际合作机制的情况下,还要建立澜湄合作(LMC)这一新型次区域合作机制?既有研究大多强调湄公河流域大国国际制度主导权竞争的宏观背景因素,而较少关注澜湄合作机制的新制度特征及其形成原因,即澜湄新型次区域合作机制究竟"新在何处"。与大湄公河次区域经济合作机制(GMS)等既有国际机制相比,澜湄合作机制具有两大新的制度特征:一是议题范围更加广泛,除了传统的区域经济合作议题外,还增加了区域安全合作以及水资源合作等新议题;二是集中程度更高,与之前合作机制主要由"职能部门引领"以及"借用"亚洲开发银行作为国际秘书处的做法不同,澜湄合作机制采取了"领导人引领、各部门参与"的机制运行模式,并逐步建立独立的国际秘书处。通过运用国际制度理性设计的理论模型,本文考察了在湄公河流域国际合作中上游国家与下游国家之间所面临的日益严峻的分配问题和执行问题,并以此解释了澜湄合作新制度特征的形成原因。     

Estimating Individual Contributions to Complex DNA SNP Mixtures.,

High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of large panels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provides an alternative or complimentary approach to short tandem repeats (STRs) panels for the analysis of complex DNA mixture forensic samples. For STRs, methods to estimate individual contribution concentrations compare capillary electrophoresis peak heights, peak areas, or HTS allele read counts within a mixture. This article introduces three approaches (mean, median, and slope methods) for estimating individual DNA contributions to forensic mixtures for HTS/massively parallel sequencing (MPS) SNP panels. For SNPs, the major:minor allele ratios or counts, unique to each contributor, were compared to estimate contributor proportion within the mixture using the mean, median, and slope intercept for these alleles. The estimates for these three methods were typically within 5% of planned experimental contributions for defined mixtures.     

Do volatile voters vote less correctly? An analysis of correct voting among vote (intention) switchers in US presidential election campaigns

The literature on electoral volatility and the literature on electoral campaigns hold contradictory views on voters switching vote (intention) during the campaign. In this note, we shed new light on this contradiction, making two contributions. First, we investigate the extent to which stable and volatile voters choose the correct party. Second, we distinguish levels of correct voting and the impact of the act of switching on the correctness of the vote. Our analyses of vote-switching in American elections show that, while volatile voters are less likely to vote correctly, they are more likely to switch from an incorrect to the correct party than vice versa. Furthermore, we show that following the campaign more closely makes voters more likely to switch vote (intention) towards the correct party.     

Small arms and light weapons: the disjunction problem

ABSTRACT

Growing in range and urgency, humanitarian needs now pose increasingly acute questions for national security policy formulation. Whether over forced migration, food scarcity or nefarious electronic penetration, state security preferences face uneasy accommodations with individual needs be it for child survival, basic sustenance or rights to privacy. This paper deliberates a further field of increasingly apparent value contest: that involving the transfer, diversion and lethal use of small arms and light weapons (SALW). After outlining the scale of this phenomenon, existing regulatory mechanisms over SALW transfers are assessed. It is argued that these controls are inadequate, a deficiency that is embedded within a range of inter-linked disjunctions. They are outlined in a model that is evaluated against empirical findings. Where SALW control inadequacy is causally connected to the disjunctive model, it is argued, current levels of SALW-induced casualties are unlikely to abate. The paper concludes by considering feasible options for enhanced management of global SALW proliferation.