Review: Pharmacokinetics of illicit drugs in oral fluid

This article reviews studies that have measured drug concentrations in oral fluid following controlled dosing regimens. A total of 23 studies have been identified over the last 15 years. These show that the amphetamines including designer amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis and cocaine are quickly found in oral fluid following dosing and usually have similar time-courses to that in plasma. Following common doses peak oral fluid concentrations exceed 0.1 μg/mL and often even 1 μg/mL. The drug concentration will depend on whether a dilution step occurs with buffer as part of the sampling procedure. The uses of collectors that stimulate oral fluid usually reduce the drug concentration compared to a non-stimulated manner. This reduction will not disadvantage the recipient since it will potentially reduce the detectablity of drug in oral fluid compared to non-stimulated collections. Only one recent study has been reported for a benzodiazepine. This showed nanogram per milliliter concentrations for flunitrazepam. More studies are required for benzodiazepines and indeed for other drugs, particularly in multiple drug situations and where disease may affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs.     

基于数据驱动建模的毒情预测方法研究

数据驱动建模是一种非因果关系建模方法,针对传统回归模型依赖于经验,含有主观和盲目因素的问题,在模型设定阶段不需要一个以既有理论(或假说)为支持的理论模型,通过对数据结构的分析,依据数据自身的变化规律,利用外推机制描述时间序列数据的变化,从而有效解决数据量较少、预测模型拟合精度较低的问题,由此提供了一条普遍适用的建模思路。     

毒品犯罪特别再犯条款研究

刑法第356条设置了针对毒品再犯从重处罚的规定,但该条款却一直为刑法理论界所诟病,在司法适用中也存在诸多问题,不仅表现在对其性质问题、适用问题的争议较大,而且还存在难以实现重点打击、难以走出法律适用困境的立法缺陷。对此,应从排除对轻罪再犯从重处罚、排除数罪并罚条款适用和排除一般累犯条款适用等三个方面,实现对毒品犯罪特别再犯条款的立法完善。     

毒品问题与安全

毒品在全球泛滥,危害着人类安全;吸毒耗费了巨额财富,禁毒需要大量资金,毒品影响着各国经济发展。同时,制毒、贩毒助长国际恐怖活动的蔓延,使国家安全受到了威胁;毒品引发了各种犯罪与社会不稳定因素。冷战后国际禁毒合作加强,但由于毒品问题的跨国性、复杂性,毒品问题还将长期存在。     

论禁毒情报服务

禁毒情报服务要求主动服务、正确服务、及时服务和充分服务。但是,当前的禁毒情报服务　　存在服务方式被动、服务功能单一、服务内容浅层次以及服务对象主要针对执行层等问题。禁毒情报服　　务的途径主要有:查询途径、加工途径、传递途径、研究途径等。禁毒情报服务的方式主要有:个案侦查　　中的禁毒情报服务和宏观决策中的禁毒情报服务。前者有从人到案和从案到案的方式,后者有传递、交　　流及报导的方式。     

制造毒品犯罪案件中的化学性问题及其侦查价值

近年来,制造毒品犯罪案件逐年增多,其中涉及化学问题。由于其化学问题的复杂性和危险性,进而引发环境问题和安全问题。文章针对制造毒品犯罪案件中的化学问题,提出了打击和预防制造毒品犯罪案件有效的侦查方法。     

Segmental hair analysis in order to evaluate driving performance

On the 31st of July 2002 the Lombardy local government issued a memorandum, C.R. 35/SAN, providing "guidelines to investigate drugs of abuse addiction in order to judge driving performance". About hair samples, this memorandum advises that the proximal lock of 6 cm-length would be analysed for opiates, cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamine and derivatives, divided into two segments of 3 cm each. The Local Medical Driving Licence Commissions (CML) can decide whether or not to enforce these instructions; from our survey it resulted that most CMLs do not abide by the memorandum, not requiring segmental analysis. The purpose of our study was to verify whether this procedural discordance could affect analytical results and, consequently, the evaluation of the subject's driving performance. We analysed hair samples taken from subjects who were requesting the renewal of their driving licence in our Laboratory during the period from 1 August 2002 to 31 December 2006. We divided samples into two groups: (1) samples previously analysed in one single segment which resulted positive for at least one analyte, but under the cut-off (0.5 ng/mg), were re-analysed in accordance with the guidelines; (2) samples previously processed following guidelines which resulted positive in one of the segments were newly analysed in a single segment. Comparing the new results with the original ones, an increase of positive results emerged in the first group. The second set of results fully supported the first ones. These results underscore the importance of the 35/SAN memorandum, so if the guidelines had been followed there would have been a larger amount of driving licence renewal denied.     

我国毒品政策的经济学分析

在我国注重进一步提高政府行政效率和行政效益的今天,政府制定的每一项政策都应该体现一定的价值理念,我国的毒品政策也不应例外。本文从经济学的角度对我国的毒品政策所造成的价值困境进行了分析,对我国未来的禁毒工作提出了要"打防并举"等观点。     

对HIV／AIDS戒毒人员的管理实践

楚雄市公安局戒毒所从1998年开始对戒毒人员中的HIV/AIDS人员实施管理,共隔离管理235人次,分散管理73人次。管理措施主要有共性管理、隔离管理和分散管理。     

当前我国面临的毒品形势及对策

我国面临的境外毒品形势是:四面包围,南北夹击,多头入境,全线渗透;面临的国内毒品形势是:毒品问题日趋严重,“冰毒”、“摇头丸”等兴奋剂类毒品问题越演越烈,非法买卖、走私易制毒化学品屡禁不止。今后的禁毒对策是:不断深化对毒品和禁毒问题的认识;大力加强禁毒宣传教育;不断提高社会的禁毒意识;要进一步加大禁毒执法力度;继续保持对毒品犯罪活动的高压态势;继续加强国际禁毒合作和交流;结合禁吸戒毒创建无毒社区。