Female Peacekeepers and Gender Balancing: Token Gestures or Informed Policymaking?

Since the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 (2000), which is referenced in most of the mandates for peacekeeping authorizations and renewals as of its adoption, UN peacekeeping forces have begun a process of gender balancing. While we have seen an increase in the numbers of female peacekeepers during the decade 2000–2010 and variation in the distribution patterns of female military personnel, we do not know if female military peacekeepers are deploying to areas that are safest or to areas with the greatest need for gender-balanced international involvement. Because the decision-making authority in the allocation of peacekeeping forces rests with the troop-contributing countries, which might not have bought into the gender balancing and mainstreaming initiatives mandated by the UN Security Council, we propose and find evidence that female military personnel tend to deploy to areas where there is least risk. They tend not to deploy where they may be most needed—where sexual violence and gender equity has been a major problem—and we find only a modest effect of having specific language in the mandates related to gender issues.     

论公序良俗原则对习惯及习惯法的权衡

习惯、习惯法及公序良俗均为不确定的概念,因内涵上相互交融而难以完全区分。习惯与习惯法具有自发性、区域性、非正式性等特征,其适用可弥补成文法的不足,有利于现代民法对实质正义的追求。就功能论而言,公序良俗原则是习惯与习惯法的过滤器,起着净化习惯与习惯法的作用。也就是说,无论是习惯法还是事实上的习惯,只要违反公序良俗,均无适用的余地。     

论信息公开诉讼中行政机关的举证责任--涉及第三人权益的分析

若政府信息涉及到第三人权益,行政机关在行政诉讼中的举证责任有必要进一步厘清,这其中既涉及到第三人权益的认定、征求意见程序的履行,又涉及到第三人权益与公共利益的衡量。涉及第三人权益与侵害第三人权益意涵不同,应慎重借用信息公开条例以外的其他法律规范的相关概念。第三人的意见仅具有程序保障的意义,行政机关仍需在最终的决定中说明理由。行政机关还应就是否涉及公共利益、公共利益与第三人利益的衡量承担举证责任。     

Regionalizing Multilateralism: Estimating the Power of Potential Regional Voting Blocs in the IMF

This paper explores the voting power of hypothetical regional voting blocs in the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund. We first discuss the prospect of regionally defined groups becoming more significant in the Fund’s decision-making process. After briefly outlining the IMF’s formal decision procedures, including its weighted voting system, use of special majorities, and the function of voting groups in the Fund’s Executive Board we define three indices of a priori voting power — the Banzhaf, Johnston, and Shapley-Shubik indices — which are then applied to existing voting groups. Following this we simulate several regionally defined a priori coalitions and their potential to influence outcomes in passing resolutions in the Fund using a simple majority. The coalitions we specify are based on the assumption that members of the IMF will form into voting blocs based on regionally-defined preferences. The procedures employed use existing voting weights to project the relative strengths of alternative regional blocs that could emerge within the IMF. Our results indicate that the United States would have the greatest voting power in almost all scenarios. A voting bloc comprised of European countries, however, would be able to dominate the United States unless the U.S. formed an Asia-Pacific bloc. Japan, the PRC, and other Asian countries appear to be unable to form voting blocs that would provide them with more voting power than the United States.     

我国知识产权保护的现状与问题

我国目前已经构建出包括宪法保护、民事法律保护、国际公约、协定保护等多种知识产权保护模式。但知识产权保护仍然存在一定的问题。完善知识产权的保护,要确立宪法在知识产权保护中的最高地位,平衡知识产权的各种利益冲突,构建出积极有效的知识产权法律冲突机制。     

论经济法域中的利益平衡

利益具有尺度的功能,它衡量人类活动的有效性,也衡量法律的正当性。由于不同的目的、精神与价值取向,在我国法律体系中的每一个法律部门都侧重保护不同的利益层次与结构。民商法以保护个人利益为本位,行政法以保护国家利益为本位,经济法旗帜鲜明的以保护社会利益为本位。经济法对社会利益的关怀,要求它必须在个人、国家、社会之间进行利益的平衡与调整。     

我国证券投资基金定投回报效应分析

基金定投是中国金融市场较为常见的一种投资模式。本文试图在对基金的收益率、风险衡量和风险调整的基金绩效指标的研究成果和方法论基础上,通过运用符合基金定投性质的时间调整和权重调整等方法,寻求检验基金定投的收益和风险消散优势。     

“后TRIPS时代”知识产权国际保护的中国路径

发达国家和发展中国家在有关知识产权国际保护议题上所产生分歧的根本原因在于双方在国际知识产权问题上的利益失衡。走出这种困境的出路在于知识产权国际保护制度的变革。从程序选择上看,知识产权国际保护应疏通其言论渠道;从实体规范上看,知识产权国际保护应弥补其制度缺失。     

Financial regionalism in East Asia： The “Multilateralization” of the Chiang Mai Initiative

The 2008-2009 financial crisis prompted the ASEAN＋3 countries＇ decision to enhance the Chiang Mai Initiative （CMI） and to make it multilateral （CMIM）. The CMI network of bilateral swaps arrangements is going to be substituted by a regional reserve pooling arrangement worth US$120 billion. The aim of this work is to analyse the CMIM, putting it in the wider context of the growing role of Asia in the world economy and of the acceleration of its integration process. We will also assess the impact of the CMIM on the role of the IMF as global provider of financial assistance and as guarantor of international financial stability.     

论生存权的保障不应以牺牲债权为代价--对《关于人民法院民事执行中查封、扣押、冻结财产的规定》第6条的质疑

本文对<关于人民法院民事执行中查封、扣押、冻结财产的规定>第6条存在的主要问题作了深入的理论与规范分析.指出生存权的保障主要应当依靠国家建立完善的社会保障体系实现,不应以牺牲债权为代价.债权的保障对于市场经济的稳定发展具有重大的意义,也是生存权最终实现的物质基础条件.此条规定过于偏袒债务人而忽略债权人,已经偏离了两者之间本应具有的适当平衡.