从混合均衡到分权制衡——西塞罗与联邦党人共和思想之比较

西塞罗古典共和思想以混合均衡政体为核心,而联邦党人则推陈出新,建构了以“自由选择、分权制衡”为核心的现代共和思想,但这两种共和思想并非毫不相干,而是有着内在的关联。一方面,两者有着共同的理论渊源和基本原则,从混合均衡到分权制衡展现了共和思想发展的内在理路;另一方面,在政体划分基础、目标诉求、权威依凭、政体实质等方面,联邦党人现代共和思想是对西塞罗古典共和思想的发展与超越。     

Financial Institutions between Effectiveness and Legitimacy – A Legal Analysis of the World Bank,Global Environment Facility and Prototype Carbon Fund

Environmental financing is one of the crucial issues of international environmental law and its implementation. From an environmental perspective a prerequisite for success is that financial resources are used in an environmentally effective way. Whether the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) can be perceived as effective environmental actors has to be measured by their objectives, their potential to promote accepted environmental standards and their relevant funding practices. After significant improvements of their environmental policies, the World Bank must be considered the most important institution for environmental financing due to its involvement in environmental trust funds but also in regard to its regular lending practices. The GEF remains exceptional due to its institutional structure and scope, whereas the PCF is an example of public–private partnerships that might be a model for future financing via trust funds. Since acceptance of institutions can only be created if they are considered to be legitimate, legitimacy is closely tied to effectiveness. The main criteria for legitimacy are state consent and the equality of states as well as supplementary considerations such as transparency and public participation. From this perspective the World Bank, GEF and PCF structures of voting and participation have come a long way, and despite their particularities and deficiencies they reflect to a varying degree elements of legitimate decision making.     

A Last Word: Amendments and Corrections to Indonesia’s Colonial Surplus 1880–1939

This article corrects and amends earlier calculations of Indonesia’s colonial surplus appearing in past issues of the Journal of Contemporary Asia. The final corrected total for 1880–1939, the period of domination by private enterprise, is now put at approximately 27 billion Netherlands guilders. The main reasons for the changes were two faulty methods of calculation used previously and the realisation of several sizeable omissions more from the balance of payments. The new methods of creating estimates of missing items are explained whilst the erroneous method of the balance of payments dealing with undistributed profits is discussed critically. The balance of payments specifies no data at all for undistributed profits although, clearly, they are large. It is also observed that almost all other discussions of the size of undistributed profits deal with the part not mentioned in the balance of payments and are unaware of the hidden element that is included. Our total is almost certainly an underestimate.     

利益衡量论的规制与法律判断的妥当性

利益衡量论因对纠纷进行实质性判断而排除了概念法学形式论理的思考方法,有利于法律判断妥当性的形成,但是,利益衡量论作为法解释的方法论,又不可避免地存在价值判断的主观性,影响法律判断妥当性的形成。因此,应从利益衡量论内部规则体系和外部程序上进行双重规制,对利益衡量的适用范围或条件做严格的限制,同时加强外部程序的梳理和监控,对利益衡量得出的结果进行纠偏和验证,以发挥实质性判断对法律判断的积极作用,防范裁判主体恣意进行利益衡量的风险。     

罪刑法定原则与民愤因素的冲突考量

民愤对刑事司法领域的渗透和影响是当前我国刑事司法领域令人困惑的问题。如何在坚持法治原则的前提下,在坚持罪刑法定的基础上,关注民愤但又不为其所左右,已成为摆在司法实务部门面前的一道难题。     

论马克思罪刑均衡观的理性与意义

马克思虽然没有建立起一套完整的刑罚理论体系,但他对罪刑均衡的论述时至今日仍然具有重要的研究价值。以求真务实的精神和与时俱进的态度系统地学习和研究马克思罪刑均衡观,对于我们审视、评价和完善现行刑罚的功能及作用,建立科学的社会主义刑罚体系和建设社会主义刑事法治具有重要的指导意义。     

IMF、WB和WTO的比较研究

被誉为世界经济三大支柱的国际货币基金组织、世界银行和关贸总协定 ,自成立以来 ,已走完了半个世纪的风雨历程。它们都对二战后世界经济的复苏和振兴起到了举足轻重的作用。然而 ,关贸总协定及世界贸易组织发展更为迅猛 ,从三大支柱中脱颖而出。展望世界经济发展前景 ,惟有加强三大支柱自身的改革和彼此之间的协调与合作 ,世界经济才能鼎足而立。     

平行进口与我国知识产权保护问题研究

平行进口问题是国际贸易领域经常发生的问题。产生"平行进口"的直接原因是由于某项知识产权产品的本国价格与外国价格之间存在较大的差价,其本质是个体利益与公众利益、贸易自由主义与非关税壁垒之间的矛盾,反映了国际贸易行为与知识产权法律保护制度的冲突。在我国,平行进口的现象虽然为数不少,但除了专利法有明确的规定之外,在商标及版权领域却无相关的法律规定,我国加入世界贸易组织后,两者之间的矛盾就更加突出了。旨在对平行进口问题作一些探讨。     

知识产权保护与反垄断法的冲突与协调

知识产权保护与反垄断法之间存在着矛盾与冲突。解决这一问题的关键在于:运用利益平衡的理论来寻找二者之间的契合点,并以此为指导建构我国知识产权保护和反垄断法的法律框架,使知识产权保护和反垄断法的最终目的得以实现。     

Linkages between the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols – Enhancing Synergies between Protecting the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate

The international treaties for the protection of the ozone layer and the global climate are closely related. Not only has the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer served as a useful example in developing the international climate regime, but policies pursued in both issue areas influence each other. This paper gives an overview of the many ways in which both treaty systems are linked functionally and politically. It investigates, in particular, the tension that has arisen with respect to the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases and the potential for drawing on the experience under the Montreal Protocol regarding data reporting and policy design on fluorinated greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The potentials for enhancing synergy in these areas are explored, and related options discussed. Some initiatives for exploiting these potentials are already underway, aiming in particular at enhancing learning and exchanging of information. However, political choices concerning some of the issues willeventually need to be made, if action at the international level is to contribute to their solution.