Associations between national gambling policies and disordered gambling prevalence rates within Europe

Policymakers and other interested stakeholders currently are seeking information about the comparative effectiveness of different regulatory approaches to minimising gambling-related harm. This study responds to this research gap by exploring associations between gambling policies and disordered gambling prevalence rates. We gathered information about gambling policies for thirty European jurisdictions and past-year prevalence rates for disordered gambling for twelve of these jurisdictions. We present policy trends and prevalence rates and then describe the level of association between policy and prevalence. We observe one statistically significant association between policy and prevalence: rates of sub-clinical (i.e., Level 2) disordered gambling were higher within environments that mandated less strict regulation of advertising for online gambling. Finally, we discuss the implications of our research in the context of the current process regarding the pan-European regulation of gambling. Our findings do not offer evidence for certain assumptions made in the past by the European judiciary.     

La crisis de la deuda soberana y la reforma del artículo 135 de la constitución española

The following piece of paper is a critical approach to the amendment of the Article 135 of the Spanish Constitution, by means of which the principle of balanced budget and the restricting of the public expenditure are constitutionalized. This work consists of four different paragraphs: the first one, in which a chronological approach to the debt crisis in the Eurozone and the reform of the Article 135 of the Constitution are carried out; the second one, where the new features that the current Article 135 contain are presented; the third one, in which the critical analysis of the 2011 constitutional reform is now developed (around tour fundamental axes: content, procedure, time and purpose and significance); and the fourth one resulting with a number of final considerations.     

滋肾活血解毒方对慢性肾衰竭大鼠肾内皮素基因表达的影响

目的 :观察滋肾活血解毒方对慢性肾衰竭 (CRF)大鼠残肾组织中ET 1mRNA的影响。方法 :采用 5/ 6肾切除法复制大鼠CRF模型 ,将 50只Wistar大鼠随机分成对照组、保肾康组、洛汀新组、滋肾活血解毒方组 (观察组 )、正常组 ,用RT PCR技术检测各组大鼠残肾组织中ET 1mRNA表达水平。结果 :正常组肾组织中ET 1mRNA表达最弱 (P <0 .0 1) ,对照组肾组织中ET 1mRNA表达最明显 (P <0 .0 1) ,观察组肾组织中ET 1mRNA表达较保肾康组及洛汀新组有明显下降 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :滋肾活血解毒方可能是通过下调肾脏组织中ET 1mRNA表达水平而改善CRF大鼠肾功能。     

怠于履行公共职能的国家赔偿责任

怠于履行公共职能是指行政主体行使职权时，未尽合理的注意义务，产生行为之懈怠，导致法律期待的公共职能实现不能或不充分的公务过失行为。为使裁量性行政导致的公民权益受损得到有效的救济，督促行政主体在行使职权时竭心尽力追求公共职能的充分实现，需要将怠于履行公共职能纳入行政赔偿范围。这种公务过失在赔偿责任上适用过错责任原则，对其损害的认定应包括现实利益、精神利益和正当预期利益，在因果关系判断方面，除了要考虑行政主体拥有比一般社会理性更高的公务理性之外，还应该考虑其裁量性选择的正当性理由。     

从应对金融危机的视角看社会主义市场经济的优越性

上世纪九十年代以来，我国成功应对亚洲金融危机和源自美国的全球性金融危机带来的严峻挑战，国民经济一直保持持续快速健康发展的事实表明，社会主义市场经济具有巨大的优越性。社会主义市场经济的优越性主要体现在；坚持社会主义的基本经济制度，坚持公有制为主体，坚持强有力的宏观调控，坚持共同富裕的奋斗目标。     

转变运作方式，提高退耕还林（草）的效益

实施西部大开发的重要工程──生态环境建设，应当培养市场主体，使民间组织或企业成为生态建设的主体。改变以往的政府行为为市场行为，以提高退耕还林( 草)的效益。     

Biting Through an Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Graft: An Unusual Method of Suicide

Abstract:  Patients on long-term hemodialysis often have multiple medical and social problems with associated psychological stress and depression. The suicide rate in this population is higher than the general population, and suicides have been reported following severing or disconnection of hemodialysis vascular access sites. We report a patient on chronic hemodialysis with a history of depression and suicidal ideation who bit into his forearm arteriovenous graft and exsanguinated.     

强化行业管理 规范市场秩序

我国实施全面对外开放和区域经济发展战略,创造了市场经济的宽松条件,形成企业经营多角化、市场主体多元化、经济发展多样化的局势.这使得行业发展复杂化,出现了行业管理被分化、行业竞争无序、布局失控,造成市场秩序问题.面对这种状况亟需构建由法律约束、行业自律、消费者监督等机制组成的行业管理体系,以加强行业布局调整、行业进出机制、行业市场规范、行业竞争环境的管理,规范市场秩序.     

公证准入的市场规范

公证是商品经济发展到一定阶段的产物,是市场经济主体和各要素之间的桥梁和纽带。公证的作用在于加速经济市场化的进程,推动西部经济纳入全球化进程,提高公民、法人的法律意识,维护社会稳定。     

白人政府干预政策与南非劳动力市场供求结构的变化

19世纪末南非面临劳动密集型的矿业和农场劳动力供不应求的严重问题。为扩大劳动力供给,南非白人政府强制推行保留地制度和流动劳工制度。然而,从20世纪50年代末开始,面对非洲人城市化浪潮,出于种族隔离目的,南非白人政府推行家园制度和资本密集型产业发展模式,并导致南非劳动力市场供求结构出现新的严重失衡:家园制度造成劳动力供给不断增加的同时,资本密集型产业减少对劳动力的需求,劳动力市场供给远远超过劳动力需求,众多人口随之陷入长期失业。时至今日,失业问题仍是南非社会长期发展面临的一大难题。