Interpersonal metaphor revisited: identification,categorization, and syndrome

Grammatical metaphor (ideational metaphor and interpersonal metaphor as sub-categories) “leads to an expansion of the meaning potential: by creating new patterns of structural realization, it opens up new systemic domains of meaning”. Ideational metaphor has been extensively studied in terms of identification, categorization, and application. Interpersonal metaphor, though being readily applicable to interaction-oriented disciplines, has not been studied in depth and many issues remain to be tackled. One significant issue is how to identify interpersonal metaphor, metaphors of mood in particular. With instances from the CORP corpus built out of successful reply posts by doctors and nurses on the health forum of doctorslounge.com, we propose two principles (Context-first Principle and AS IF Principle) that can be used to identify both metaphors of mood and metaphors of modality. Categories of interpersonal metaphor and the metaphoric syndrome can thus be described in a consistent way.     

Tensions in Belgium

ABSTRACT

Musolff's study applies methods of cognitive metaphor analysis to Hitler's antisemitic imagery in Mein Kampf, especially to the conceptualization of the German nation as a (human) body that had to be cured from a deadly disease caused by Jewish parasites. The relevant expressions from the conceptual domains of biological and medical categories form a partly narrative, partly inferential-argumentative source ‘scenario’, which centred on a notion of blood poisoning that was understood in three ways: a) as a supposedly real act of blood defilement, i.e. rape; b) as a part of the source scenario of illness-cure; and c) as an allegorical element of an apocalyptic narrative of a devilish conspiracy against the ‘grand design of the creator’. The conceptual differences of source and target levels were thus short-circuited to form a belief-system that was no longer open to criticism. The results cast new light on central topics of Holocaust research, such as the debates between more ‘intentionalist’ and more ‘functionalist’ explanations of the origins of the Holocaust, and the question of how the Nazi metaphor system helped gradually to ‘initiate’ wider parts of the German populace into the implications of the illness-cure scenario as a blueprint for genocide. The Nazi antisemitic metaphor system thus provides a unique example of the cognitive forces that can be unleashed in the service of racist stigmatization and dehumanization.     

The Body Politic as Spatial Metaphor

As part of a special issue on the geographies of citizenship, this paper considers the longstanding and popular metaphor of “the body politic” for a polity. The metaphor's comparative power is successful because it imports key geographic assumptions about how polities are best organized. It makes claims about society and space (premises about location, spatial organization), nature–society relations (how the two spheres do and do not connect) and cartographic representation (the human body is the optimal representation of spatial and natural relations in a polity). We describe three ways in which geographical imaginations are constructed: organic, mechanical, and posthuman bodies politic. Our goal is twofold: first is to consider the ways the deployment of the metaphor of the body is used in political theory to convey a normative conception of citizenship; second is to bridge the gap between political theory and geography by paying special attention to the ways the body is a space. The metaphor of the body politic is a political geography that links citizenship to particular geographical and normative relationships.     

Dehumanizing representations of women: the shaping of hostile sexist attitudes through animalistic metaphors*

Women are frequently depicted as non-human objects or animals. While female animalization has typically been conceptualized in the psychological literature as communicating a unitary perception of women, linguistic research suggests that there are at least two distinct animalizing linguistic metaphors for women that depict women at opposite ends of a sex-based power differential: ‘women-are-predators’ and ‘women-are-prey’. Are these linguistic metaphors able to shape sexist attitudes towards women? US Male and female undergraduates read an article, which concerned women voters in an election year, containing language that described women as predatory, prey-like, or in a humanized manner (baseline). They then reported their ambivalent sexist attitudes towards women in general. Consistent with both metaphors’ emphasis on sex-based power differentials, both male and female participants, who read about predatory women, exhibited greater agreement with hostile sexist attitudes than participants who read about prey-like women. This study suggests that the continued transmission of animalizing metaphors for women may help perpetuate prejudicial beliefs about appropriate roles for women in society. Media communicators might learn to identify and eliminate the use of the animalizing terms in their own work.     

沉默与空隙 隐喻与转喻——论简政珍的诗说与诗写

简政珍是台湾中生代重要诗人与诗论家。侧重探讨他意象理论的节点——"沉默空隙"说的意义;借此打造的经验/超验、感悟/哲思的意象图式,尤其是隐喻/转喻的活络运用,在智性照耀下,所形成的鲜明的"思"之意象艺术。     

英语广告文体中的隐喻

文体的功能决定着隐喻的个性。广告隐喻不仅具有一般语言学上的认知意义，并且直接服务于广告交际目的，影响整个广告的效果。英语广告文体中的隐喻对于广告的作用还反映在它的类型分布特点与翻译体现的交际制约方面。应用文体的认知研究不仅要关注文体语言间的共性，更需关注文体的个性形成。     

论《庄子·人间世》中的喻辞

“医门多疾”在《人间世》中作为一个“喻辞”,形象地表达出颜回急于入世救民的心情.“医门多疾”蕴含政治理性、入世精神等方面的思想内容,属于《庄子》散文“三言”中的“重言”.进一步而言,“医门多疾”可视为一个“隐喻”,是理解《人间世》乃至庄子哲学的一个线索.它所包含的思想观念、精神品格最终在庄子哲学中被一扫而空.     

The Injustice of a Felony Conviction for Offenders Under Age Twenty‐One: A New Option for the Courts to Save Our Youths’ Futures

When the Criminal Justice System adjudicates an individual felony offender, it complicates many aspects of that individual's life; from applying for colleges, and jobs to attempting to become contributing member of society. In New York, to prevent seven‐ to sixteen‐year‐old youth who commit felony offenses from becoming felony offenders, the courts prosecute them as juvenile delinquents or juvenile offenders. In the United States, individuals under the age of twenty‐one cannot purchase alcohol or tobacco and cannot get married without parental consent, but they can be charged with a felony. Before and even after reaching the age of twenty‐one, individuals are still in need of guidance, support, education, employment, and stability as brain development is still ongoing. To help protect those who have not reached the age of twenty‐one, states should implement Senior Youthful Offender Hearings as proposed in this Note. This hearing is a two‐part hearing: (1) determine if an individual should be considered eligible for the protections under the current Youthful Offender Laws and (2) determine sentencing and alternatives to incarceration, focused on steering Senior Youthful Offenders on the right path.     

水：中国法思想的本喻

中国法思想的类型在本源上就不同于西方。早期的中国哲人对法的思考并不借助于概念和逻辑,而是来自于对水这种物质的观审、想象和沉思,由水所提供的意象成为中国法思想的一个原型。从治水的经验中提取出对治人一样有用的“准绳”概念,从“静止的水”的观省中建构了法的模型,从“源头之水”、“水舟关系”建立起中国传统政治法律关系原型。对于中国传统法思想而言,“水”不是说明“法”的一个文学意义的比喻,而是对法进行概念认知过程中的一个“本喻”,是概念体系的基础。