警务实战“指挥”探析

本文就“指挥”的应用领域，“指挥”的冠名，“指挥”的基本概念、属性及“警务实战指挥”急需研究和解决的若干理论问题进行初步的探析，旨在抛砖引玉。     

论军事警察的概念及特点

军事警察这一概念在国内外的用法比较混乱 ,有必要统一。本文试对军事警察的概念及特点进行了论述。     

A decade of electoral democracy: continuity,change and crisis in Paraguay⋆

In 1989 President Stroessner was overthrown after almost 35 years in power. This led to a process of transition over the following decade which included elections at presidential, congressional, and municipal levels, as well as a democratic constitution, which guaranteed full political and civil liberties. However, the transition has been complicated by the continued prominence of the same political and military forces that supported Stroessner, and that have proved reluctant to withdraw from power. As a result, instead of representing a complete break with an authoritarian past, the transition has combined elements of continuity and change. This has led to a conservative and faltering transition, characterised by frequent political crises and the lack of socio‐economic reform. This article analyses the major structural and institutional obstacles to the consolidation of democracy in Paraguay. It then brings the reader up to date, by examining the events of 1998/1999, a period in which Paraguay's transition came under the greatest threat, and which revealed both its greatest strengths and weaknesses.     

Commercial Diplomacy and Statecraft in the Context of Economic Reform: The Indian Experience

It is almost a decade since India began its economic reforms. Apart from the purely domestic economic objectives that the reforms were expected to achieve, there was a recognition that reform was imperative if India wanted to become an economic power of consequence within and beyond its region. This had important foreign policy implications. Official pronouncements reflected the concern that the balance of fiscal power as opposed to military power was the key factor in determining a country's international standing. This called for an integrated strategy to bring economic and foreign policies closer. The implementation of a vigorous foreign economic policy could not be undertaken without sharpening the commercial diplomatic tool. Indian foreign policy over the last decade has been grappling with this challenge. This article analyses the reorientation in Indian foreign policy, assesses the efforts undertaken so far to make commercial diplomacy viable and highlights the challenges that multi-layered diplomacy poses for a country like India.     

The 'Lessons' of Dictatorship: Political Learning and the Military in Chile

This article argues that political learning with regard to civil-military relations in Chile has proved an obstacle to democratization. In the postauthoritarian period, both the armed forces and political parties have referred to history when considering civil-military reform, especially with regard to how to avoid a repeat of the conflict of the Unidad Popular period. Meanwhile, the military also utilizes the Spanish example when resisting changes it feels are inimical to its interests. The 'lessons' each takes from the past directly influence political strategies and the overall result is that while civilian rule continues, democratic civil-military relations are not necessarily advanced.     

略论抗战相持阶段国民政府的军事战略——以南岳军事会议和长沙会战为中心的研究

详细研究国民政府在抗日战争相持阶段军事战略的学术成果不多，且以否定居多。通过研究三次南岳军事会议和四次长沙作战的具体史实，可归纳出此时期国民政府军事战略的四个特点：持久战的总体构想；重视湖南战场，屏蔽大后方；不再一味死守重要城市；应战而不求战的策略。据此可以认为，国民政府基本把握了抗战相持阶段的特点，其军事战略基本上是正确的，即以持久战对抗日本的速决战，以空间换时间。尽管主客观方面的原因使得国民政府在相持阶段的军事战略显得有些保守，但是不加分析地责难其“消极、妥协、退让”，是有些苛求的。     

习仲勋在陕甘边革命根据地时期军事思想的哲学分析

陕甘边革命根据地斗争的最大成功经验就是以马列主义、毛泽东思想为指导,结合陕甘边革命根据地的历史、地理和社会等具体环境,坚持走井冈山道路。习仲勋同志作为陕甘边革命根据地的主要领导人之一,在这段时期的革命斗争中逐步形成了自己独特的军事思想。系统而有层次地对习仲勋在陕甘边革命根据地时期军事思想进行哲学分析,是一项重要的基础性工作,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

中国参与国际军事安全机制刍议

国际军事安全机制的建立与完善对国际社会的和平与发展具有重要意义,面对复杂的国际安全形势,中国必须积极参与国际军事安全机制。值得探索的是,在参与过程中,要考虑到利益标准、权力结构和经济水平等因素的制约,并克服主观愿望与客观现实以及机制的内在限制之间的矛盾,把维护国家安全利益作为核心目标,从而作出科学的、渐进式的战略选择。     

Vietnam: a case of military obsolescence in developing countries

ABSTRACT

Military obsolescence affects the capability of all militaries as it relates to serviceability and performance when countering potential opponents, and more specifically in the case of developing countries lacking strong indigenous defence industries. The gradual nature of this military concern has not been studied systematically, in contrast to military modernisation. This paper presents a synthetic framework composed of several indicators to examine military obsolescence. Vietnam has been selected for the application of the framework for its large number of Cold War legacies and the strategic pressure from China. Hanoi's ageing assets would undermine its position vis-à-vis Beijing, and its defence investment policies face the dilemma of choosing to spend more on naval and aerial power, or ameliorating its army which is technologically lacking compared to its Chinese counterpart.     

缅甸军人与政治关系的现状与趋势

在从1948年1月4日独立至今的68年间,缅甸军人直接掌权或由其扶持的政党执政的时间共约56年。2015年11月8日,昂山素季领导的全国民主联盟在大选中获得压倒性胜利,军方扶持的联邦巩固与发展党惨败。2016年3月30日,民盟资深成员吴廷觉总统领导的新政府宣誓就职,取代退役将领吴登盛领导的巩发党政府。缅甸军人长期直接或间接执政的历史暂告结束,这是缅甸民主转型的里程碑。但依照缅甸宪法,军人仍保留诸多权力,是与民盟政府并立的另一权力中心,军人与民盟政府关系好坏将是影响缅甸政治发展的关键因素。缅甸军人完全退出政治尚需时日,不排除其再度干政的可能。