Digital Infrastructure for Diversity—On Digital Bookshelf and Google Books

Diversity is a core value of cultural policy, and new global digital conditions for creative industries mean new challenges for diversity at a national level. Internet has become a new infrastructure for services and platforms, and global actors as Google and Amazon are changing the play. This article concerns digitization of books, the collection of the National Library of Norway and cultural policy. The results indicate the National Library's digital collection contributes to diversity in terms of demography, content, dissemination and techno-cultural aspects. For policy makers, libraries and researchers the study demonstrates a national digital service's contribution to expanded diversity.     

Tricyclic Antidepressants Found in Pilots Fatally Injured in Civil Aviation Accidents

Prevalence of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) has not been explored in pilots. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) aviation accident and the Federal Aviation Administration's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) toxicology and medical certification databases were searched for pilots fatally injured in aviation accidents. During 1990–2012, CAMI received bio‐samples of pilots from 7037 aviation accidents. Of these, 2644 cases were positive for drugs. TCAs were present in 31. TCA blood concentrations ranged from therapeutic to toxic levels. The NTSB determined that the use of drugs and ethanol as the probable cause or contributing factor in 35% (11 of 31) of the accidents. None of the 31 pilots reported the use of TCAs during their aviation medical examination. The prevalence of TCAs in aviators was less than 0.5% (31 of 7037 cases). There is a need for aviators to fully disclose the use of medications at the time of their medical examination.     

Planning for the succession of digital assets

Estate planners’ current strategies for the disposition of digital assets are quickly becoming out-dated. This is largely the result of ambiguities concerning proprietary rights of digital assets after death. When advising clients on how to plan for the succession of digital assets, it is important for estate planners to understand the nature of digital assets today and to recognize how these assets may evolve. In failing to take into account the evolving nature of digital assets, estate planners are liable to craft short-sighted and thus ineffective succession plans. As the popularity of digital executor businesses increases, estate planners ought to caution clients on their shortcomings. Additionally, legislatures must create statutes which outline the rights of individuals vis-à-vis online service providers.     

Surveillance and identity management: Migrant perspectives on UK Biometric Residence Permits

The identity card for foreign nationals - now known as the Biometric Residence Permit (BRP) - was first introduced in November 2008. Following the May 2010 UK general election, the newly formed Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government announced that the scheme would not be extended to UK citizens. To date, over 300,000 BRPs have been issued to UK foreign nationals - a group of non-EEA migrants that include international students, visiting scholars and entrepreneurs. In this paper, we draw on findings from interviews conducted with policymakers, advocacy groups, Higher Education administrators and foreign nationals - between March and December 2010 - to highlight some policy issues arising from the continued roll-out of the BRPs to this migrant group. We conclude by arguing that, although interviewees raised few objections to the BRPs in principle, cardholders were concerned about being unfairly ‘targeted’ for additional surveillance and remained unclear about the true purpose of the BRP. We identify a number of areas for further policy development.     

中美关系对台海关系的影响

中华人民共和国成立后,中美两国先后将对方视为威胁自己的敌人、遏制苏联威胁的“伙伴”和相互竞争的对手,中美关系也因此经历了对抗、合作和竞争三种关系状态。在这三种状态下,台海关系也因此分别处于对抗状态、缓和状态和波动状态。由于台海关系与中关关系有很强的关联性,中国要解决台湾问题和保持台海关系的稳定,需要慎重处理中关关系,同时还要尽可能加强中关关系的合作特性。中美关系的平稳发展有助于台海关系的缓和与台湾问题的解决。解决台湾问题的成本会大大降低。     

解放初期国民经济的恢复与发展——以沿河县1950年至1953年为例

1950年至1953年,沿河县委和县政府在参加抗美援朝的同时,完成清匪、反霸、减租、退押、秋征等五大任务,进行土地改革和镇压反革命运动,迅速恢复了解放前夕遭到严重破坏的国民经济,为从新民主主义转向社会主义奠定了良好的基础。     

民间法与国家法视野下的出嫁女土地补偿款案

出嫁女土地补偿款案频频发生,并非因为农民法律意识缺乏,问题的根源在于"出嫁女户口跟着男方走"的习俗存在着深刻的社会基础。法院对出嫁女案从最初的不受理到最终受理的发展过程,是法院面对民间法与国家法的激烈冲突,根据双方力量对比情况的变化所采取的从妥协、回避到侍机而动,积极应对的调适国家法与民间法关系的过程。     

An ID card for the Internet – The new German ID card with “electronic proof of identity”

The personal ID card is a document carried by most Germans, but rarely used. This could change in the future: According to the new law on identification cards and electronic proof of identity (Gesetz über Personalausweise und den elektronischen Identitätsnachweis, PAuswG), the ID card, with its proof of identity, will gain a new functionality, making it applicable for diverse Internet transactions. Functionally, the electronic proof of identity corresponds to existing non-electronic personal proof of identity guidelines in legal and business connections. However, its concrete, technical application opens up many issues regarding contracts and data privacy laws. On both the legal and the technical level, the German approach departs from other European countries, as it strictly distinguishes the electronic proof of identity from the electronic signature function, which the new ID card also provides. It remains to be seen whether the various projects of the EU Member States will become legally and technically interoperable in the near future.     

特赦问题研究

赦免,一个古老而又常新的话题。盛世时赦少,乱世赦多也是历史所证明的。赦多则宽暴徒、伤良民,使国家法令废弛,更有鼓励犯罪之嫌。当今社会,赦免是许多国家弥补法律僵化的重要手段,然而赦免对于法治的违背使人们对赦免的合理性产生怀疑,而且赦免存在滥用政治目的的可能。目前,我国关于特赦的立法并不成熟;社会的后续接受能力也有限;老百姓对特赦所产生的危机感更是难以消除。因而在目前情况下不宜进行特赦。     

“满铁”对华经济掠夺问题新探

南满洲铁道株式会社对中国的经济掠夺,是以股份公司的形式作为伪装,执行日本帝国主义侵略掠夺中国的对外政策。＂满铁＂依靠特权建立起一个超乎中国主权和法律之上的＂满铁王国＂,构成了日本国家资本为主导,日本产业托拉斯和中小私人资本为辅助的经济体系。＂满铁＂通过这套经济体系,利用显性和隐性两种方式对我国进行经济掠夺、政治扩张、文化渗透,对中国的经济结构和民族工业造成了异常严重的破坏。