Measuring Governance in Urban Innovation

Abstract

The international political science literature is ambiguous on the point if the involvement of a plurality of external actors (citizens, economic and social groups, NGOs and CSOs, Universities and experts, different public authorities at the same or at different territorial level, etc.) in governance processes is an end in itself (because it increases democracy) or it is useful in order to achieve better results in the production of public goods.

This article espouses the latter hypothesis and tries to understand if a governance perspective brings about a higher level of innovation in metropolitan areas. In order to test this hypothesis, two metrics are designed: ? In measuring innovation, the ideas are that there are four dimensions in urban innovation (agenda innovation, process innovation, product innovation and innovative communication) and that a metropolitan city has to score high in most of them in order to be considered really innovative.

? As far as governance is concerned, the analytical proposal is that the ideal governance network is at the same time complex (bringing together actors from different territorial levels and from different societal and institutional domains), dense (favouring direct interaction between the actors) and ‘focused’ (showing one or few actors able to act as focal points of the network).

Drawing from a research done in four Italian cities (Turin, Milan, Florence and Naples) through the reconstruction of 120 urban innovation processes, the article illustrates the analytical steps taken and the conclusions that can be reached.     

“印太战略”:以美印日澳的战略逻辑、利益与策略选择为分析视角

"印太战略"是美国均势+有限遏制+规制+话语诋毁的混合型战略。它意在前沿、中间地带与后方的三层构建不对称的对华遏制性力量,突破中美双边、单区域战略竞争的狭窄战略空间;在多地域与多维度孤立中国,拉拢更多国家在产业价值链、数字经济等层面与中国切割;制订基础建设投资透明化的新标准,嵌入有利于美国利益的规制;通过国际法、舆论等软性手段抹黑中国的"一带一路"与海权发展。虽然共同逻辑都是制衡中国崛起,但日澳印在策略上强调非对抗性。其中避免成为中国优先反制是日本重要的策略目标;印度在拉达克边界冲突后尚没有形成一个完全倒向美国的战略,因为这必定使其背上沉重的战略包袱,成为美国的附庸;澳大利亚作为地缘政治影响有限的中等国家,在美国反华行动中冲在最前列已使其利益严重受损。而"印太战略"与东盟所推动的包容性、合作安全理念也有着本质的区别,东盟要在"印太地区"发挥中心领导作用,定位"印太"为对话与合作区域。所以由于东盟的抵制、印日澳的消极政策,这个战略形成的攻势将很难保持可持续性,其长期前景并不看好。     

The OECD and “The Rest”: Analyzing the Limits of Policy Transfer

Abstract

Prompted by the rise of the emerging economies and the growing importance of the G20, the OECD has formally announced its intention of establishing itself as a key actor in global policy coordination. As part of this ambition, it has embarked on cultivating closer relations with five G20 countries it designated as key partners through the so-called “Enhanced Engagement” programme: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa. This article mobilizes concepts from the policy transfer literature to explain why the OECD’s attempts to increasingly involve all five countries in its policy have fallen short of its original ambitions, and also why the transfer of its policy work has been uneven across policy and country issue.     

一种网络安全事件管理平台的设计与实现

网络在方便人们的同时,也带来了安全方面的问题。网络安全事件管理平台是为保障网络安全而开发的网络安全事件管理与响应平台,针对网络安全事件展开需求分析,从性能、功能以及灵活性等方面进行一系列的系统设计,实现一种实用的、可以灵活地部署在各个组织的网络安全事件管理平台系统。     

信息网络时代国防生思想政治教育新探

当今社会处于信息网络时代,在此时代背景之下,信息网络正对人们的工作、学习、生活、思维等生存方式的方方面面产生着广泛而深刻的影响,它必然也会对国防生思想政治教育产生一定的影响。其中,国防生的心里动态、思想信念、政治理想受到的影响尤为明显。针对新情况、新问题,探寻出新的思想政治教育对策,就显得十分迫切与重要。     

Finding the missing and unknown: Novel educational approaches to warming up cold cases

In recent years, students in police academies and higher education institutions around the world have worked together to analyse cold cases including long-term missing persons cases in collaboration with investigators and prosecutors. In 2020, three European organisations, the Police Expert Network on Missing Persons (PEN-MP), AMBER Alert Europe and Locate International, succeeded in connecting these educational organisations enabling them to work collectively on cases and conduct cold case analyses (CCA) across international borders. The International Cold Case Analysis Project (ICCAP) learning objectives were to 1) collect the necessary information about the victim, 2) reconstruct the crime, and 3) investigate trace control.In a learning objective-based evaluation using Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing, 76 participating students from the German and International ICCAP teams were asked to complete a pre- and post-review questionnaire to self-assess their personal competence development. Participants reported significant increases in competence in all evaluated areas, thus demonstrating that authentic and relevant collaborations can enrich the learning environment, promote the use of professional skills, and provide significant knowledge exchange opportunities between academia and industry.Drawing on case studies of cold case missing persons' investigations and unidentified found remains, this article shares how university academics, students and community volunteers can work together nationally and internationally to find out what has happened to missing people and how we can more effectively identify the previously unidentified. In so doing, we share the expertise required to progress these cold cases and provide recommendations to support other institutions and organisations in adopting this innovative approach.     

Internet of things – Need for a new legal environment?

The Internet of Things as an emerging global, Internet-based information service architecture facilitating the exchange of goods in global supply chain networks is developing on the technical basis of the present Domain Name System; drivers are private actors. Learning from the experiences with the “traditional” Internet governance it is important to tackle the relevant issues of a regulatory framework from the beginning; in particular, the implementation of an independently managed decentralized multiple-root system and the establishment of basic governance principles (such as transparency and accountability, legitimacy of institutional bodies, inclusion of civil society) are to be envisaged.     

Relativierung des Rechts durch Digitalisierung

Das Recht ist in modernen Gesellschaften ein wichtiges Steuerungsmittel. Schon bisher ist es allerdings nicht das einzige Instrument gewesen, um gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen und individuelles Verhalten zu beeinflussen. Es gab und gibt Bereiche, die sich selbst organisieren und in denen staatliches Recht aus unterschiedlichen Gründen nicht das entscheidende Steuerungsmittel ist. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die zunehmende Digitalisierung der modernen Gesellschaften auf die Steuerungsfähigkeit des Rechts auswirkt. Er kommt dabei zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Bedeutung des Rechts in der digitalisierten und hoch fragmentierten Welt abnimmt. Das Recht muss sich deshalb Verbündete in anderen Bereichen der Gesellschaft suchen, um weiterhin Steuerungsfunktionen für die Gesellschaft wahrnehmen zu können. Der Beitrag skizziert, wer als Verbündeter des Rechts in Frage kommt und wie die notwendigen transrechtlichen Kooperationen aussehen könnten.     

基于网络药理学的鸦胆子活性成分抗肿瘤分子机制

目的 利用网络药理学方法探索鸦胆子抗肿瘤有效成分、潜在靶点及通路,探讨其“多成分-多靶点-多通路”的抗肿瘤作用机制。方法 ①从中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台中筛选出鸦胆子潜在的15个活性成分,根据DrugBank获取这15个活性成分的158个潜在靶分子。②利用String数据库构建这些靶分子的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络,其中节点度值最高的基因JUN定义为核心基因,利用癌症和肿瘤基因图谱分析其在多个肿瘤中的作用。③利用R语言Cluster profiler包将这些靶分子进行基因功能分析和基因功能富集分析。结果 获取了鸦胆子潜在的15个活性成分,158个潜在靶分子及活性成分-靶蛋白网络,并发现了其在多种肿瘤、多种成分、多种通路有着不同的比重和作用。结论 网络药理学方法可为解析鸦胆子多成分、多靶点、多通路、多肿瘤的关系网络,阐述其抗肿瘤的分子机制提供思路和方法,为其临床应用提供相应的理论依据。     

丹参治疗股骨头坏死的分子机制研究

目的 从分子机制角度入手,利用网络药理学方法探讨丹参治疗股骨头坏死的机制。方法 筛选、预测丹参潜在的活性成分与靶点,工具为中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台。利用DrugBank、PharmGKB、HPO、GAD、OMIM、DisGeNET、TTD等数据库检索股骨头坏死相关作用靶点;结合生物信息学手段,明确丹参防治股骨头坏死的特异性靶点;采用ClueGo进行信号通路富集分析,以进一步分析其可能的分子机制。结果 从中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台中检测出的与丹参相关的202个成分中,按照药物口服生物利用度和类药性参数得到65个入血活性成分,利用相关靶点预测技术预测可能的靶点103个;运用上述数据库检测,发现74个已知靶点与股骨头坏死相关。利用Cytoscape软件构建活性成分及疾病的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用关系网络图,合并网络图并行拓扑分析筛选出关键基因130个;采用ClueGO信号通路富集分析显示,丹参作用于股骨头坏死的关键节点主要涉及75条信号通路,例如促进成骨细胞的骨形成与抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收信号通路。结论 丹参治疗股骨头坏死具有多成分、多靶点的特点;其主要通路不仅是影响成骨细胞与破骨细胞的细胞生理过程,而且通过调节免疫和炎性反应等干扰和影响骨微环境,以控制疾病发展,与目前治疗股骨头坏死的作用机制相符合。