Evaluating U.S. judicial district prosecutor performance using DEA: are disadvantaged counties more inefficient?

In this paper, we evaluate the efficiency of prosecutor office efficiency in the United States. Using multiple inputs and multiple outputs to characterize prosecutor office production, technical and scale efficiency are calculated for U.S. counties. Given the complex nature of service provision and potential heterogeneity based on judicial district size, we restrict our sample to those counties with populations between 100 and 500 thousand. Given the efficiency results, we also test whether efficiency is statistically related to median income and the percentage of minority population. The results suggest that prosecutor offices in more socio-economically disadvantages counties are more inefficient.      

氯硝安定在生物体内的代谢

目的推测氯硝安定在生物体内的主要代谢方式,检测其代谢产物。方法取5只Wistar大鼠,连续3d给每只大鼠灌胃氯硝安定（剂量分别为1、2、2mg）,收集灌胃后24h内尿液;给3只大鼠各灌胃2mg氯硝安定,2h后处死,取血液和肝组织等检材;收集3名口服5mg氯硝安定的志愿者24h内尿液。分别对不同检材进行处理后,气相色谱/质谱联用（GC/MS）检测。结果在大鼠阳性尿液和志愿者阳性尿液中,均检出7-乙酰氨基氯硝安定和7-氨基氯硝基安定;在大鼠血液中,主要检出氯硝安定和7-氨基氯硝基安定;在大鼠肝组织中,主要检出7-乙酰氨基氯硝安定,还有少量7-氨基氯硝安定和氯硝安定。结论氯硝安定进入生物体后,其7位硝基被还原为氨基,氨基接着被乙酰化,形成7-氨基氯硝基安定和7-乙酰氨基氯硝安定代谢物,其中7-乙酰氨基氯硝安定为主要代谢物。     

数字签名的技术与法律分析

数字签名的目的和作用主要是证明合同主体的真实身份、证明合同的保密性和完整性以及证明合同主体对合同的确认。而其证明力的有无及证明力的大小又是以技术作保障的,换言之,安全性是证明力的前提和基础,是法律承认其效力的基石。     

从系统论视角剖析情报分析研判系统

情报分析研判本身自成系统包括元素、结构、环境、功能四大要素。从系统论视角对情报分析研判加以全面剖析,这有助于增进情报研判人员对情报分析研判的透彻性认识,以推动情报分析研判工作的规范化和有序化。     

公众安全感指标体系的构建与评价方法研究——以社会治安秩序为视角

公众安全感是指居民对社会治安状况的主观感受和评价,它反映了公众对犯罪的恐惧程度,也成为衡量和谐社会建设的一个重要指标。建立了我国公众安全感的评价指标体系,包括四个层次和四个系统。并为该指标的理论分析提出了主成分分析和聚类分析相结合的评价方法。     

Comparative analysis of 1-phenyl-2-propanone (P2P), an amphetamine-type stimulant precursor, using stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry: Presented in part as a poster at the 2nd meeting of the Joint European Stable Isotope User Meeting (JESIUM), Giens, France, September 2008

The isotope ratios of amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) depend as well on the precursor as the synthetic pathway. For clandestine production of amphetamine and methamphetamine, 1-phenyl-2-propanone (P2P, benzylmethylketone) is a commonly used precursor.Our aim was to determine the variation of the isotope ratios within precursor samples of one manufacturer and to compare seized samples of unknown sources to these values. δ¹³C_V-PDB, δ²H_V-SMOW and δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW isotope ratios were determined using elemental analysis (EA) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The comparison of all seized samples to the data of the samples of one manufacturer revealed considerable differences. The results show that IRMS provides a high potential in differentiating between precursors from different manufacturers for the clandestine production of ATS and identifying corresponding sources.     

论国家机关、国有事业单位不能成立单位犯罪——以经济分析法学为视角

将国家机关、国有事业单位作为单位犯罪的主体会导致大大降低相关犯罪的刑罚成本,并不利于对此类犯罪的预防。根据以经济分析法学方法进行的分析,国家机关、国有事业单位均不宜成为单位犯罪的主体。     

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methodology in forensic toxicology: Modeling postmortem redistribution of structurally diverse drugs using multivariate statistics

Postmortem redistribution (PMR) constitutes a multifaceted process, which renders the analytical results of drug concentrations inaccurate to be interpreted by forensic toxicologists. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methodology could serve as an effective tool to estimate the ability of drugs to redistribute across tissue barriers during postmortem period on the basis of their molecular, physicochemical and structural properties. In this aspect, multivariate data analysis (MVDA) was applied to a set of 77 structurally diverse drugs. PMR data expressed by the central:peripheral concentration ratio (C:P ratio) was taken from the literature. An adequate and robust QSAR model (R² = 0.65, Q² = 0.56, RMSEE = 0.34) was established for 59 (77%) out of 77 drugs. Although the derived QSAR model presented limited applicability, it provided an informative illustration of the contributing molecular, physicochemical and structural properties in PMR process. Drugs with strong basic properties and enhanced molecular size, flexibility, lipophilicity and number of halogens were found to be susceptible to increased PMR. Due to the high complexity of PMR process, further QSAR studies need to focus on structurally related drugs to develop more specific models, which could serve as alternative tools to evaluate PMR for different chemical classes.