论政治的现代性

政治的现代性是社会现代性的一个侧面,政治的现代性是一个无限向前的动态运动过程。本文从政治哲学的角度在考察政治的现代性尤其是西方20世纪政治现代性过程中表现出的民主多元性、世俗主义、理性化和民主参与等特征,在此基础上,以期对整个人类政治的现代性特征作一个宏观的把握。政治现代性的本质在于创新。     

关于社会主义政治文明建设的几个理论问题

社会主义政治文明是一个以政治 (法律 )制度文明为核心的文明体系。人民当家作主是社会主义政治文明的本质要求 ,是社会主义国家政权性质的根本体现 ,是坚持党的领导和依法治国的出发点和归宿 ,也是社会主义政治文明建设的价值指向和目的所在。社会主义政治文明建设的切入点是加强制度建设。制度建设要以完善和创新党内民主制度为先导 ,以党内民主推动和促进人民民主 ;要以完善和创新人民民主制度为基础 ,以人民民主规定和推动党内民主 ;要以建立和健全完备的社会主义法制为武器 ,保障党内民主和人民民主 ;要以适合我国国情为前提 ,建设具有中国特色的社会主义政治 (法律 )制度。     

邓小平对科学社会主义政治学说的一项重要贡献——关于社会主义政治文明命题的理论准备

邓小平拓展了科学社会主义政治学说一个新的理论视域,即在宏观文明进步、现代文明成果积累的观察与分析框架中说明中国社会主义政治发展和民主政治问题.这一观察与分析框架的建立,为社会主义政治文明命题的形成开辟了理论路径.这一观察与分析框架是邓小平关于中国政治发展长期探索的基本理论线索.由此形成了一系列重要的基本看法现代政治文明成果不是资产阶级的专利;对政治解放的扬弃不等于排斥对政治文明成果的继承和利用;工人阶级和劳动人民争得国家政权不等于政治文明问题的全部解决;在历史哲学中完成对政治解放的批判不等于科学社会主义政治学说的理论完成.     

论美国现代文官制度的形成

由于政治与行政之间的区别不很明确,作为美国行政机构的构成和职位分配原则,“政党分肥制”是美国近代政党政治发展的直接后果。随着工业化、生产社会化和商品化的发展,“政党分肥制”的不足及其危害使其越来越不适应政府职能的变化,“功绩制”取代“政党分肥制”成为美国文官制度的基础,标志着美国现代文官制度的初步形成。     

中国政治文明与中国政党制度

中国传统政治文明具有浓厚的反政党特征,它在近代的转型孕育了中国政党的诞生。中国共产党领导的多党合作的政党制度,是中国政治文明转型过程中的历史选择;其基本框架是在确立社会主义民主政治的基础上构建和完善起来的;坚持和进一步完善中国特色的政党制度,是推进中国社会主义政治文明建设的重要基础和有效途径。     

Limited Pluralism in a Liberal Democracy: Party Law and Political Incorporation in South Korea

ABSTRACT

Formal modes of political incorporation in South Korea rest on a foundation of limited pluralism. The notion that the state should impose rigid boundaries on political representation pervades the country’s democracy. This notion is enshrined in law – in particular in the constitution’s Article 8 and in the Political Parties Act – and is upheld and perpetuated by the judiciary, the election commission, and the parties that dominate representative institutions. Labour is particularly disadvantaged by the limited pluralism contained in party laws. The role of party law in shaping modes of political incorporation is frequently overlooked. This account of party law in South Korea echoes this issue’s attention to the quiet ways that the state in Asia has silenced or ignored particular groups while maintaining the formal institutions of electoral democracy. In this case, the effect is to facilitate a rightward drift by the state as left-leaning actors face greater challenges in contesting elections.     

Access to education in six Eastern European countries between 1940 and 1985. Results of a cross-national survey

This paper presents an analysis of patterns of access to education in six Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovakia) between 1940 and 1985. As in other industrial countries, average educational attainment (measured by duration, i.e. years in school) has increased greatly since 1940. But the expansion was most rapid until 1970. In all six countries, women increased their educational attainment more than men. By 1975, the difference between men and women in regard to years of schooling had virtually disappeared in all countries studied. Parents' educational attainment (measured as average years of schooling of father and mother) proves to be a main determinant of their children's attainment. However, the effect of parents' education decreased by about half from 1940 to 1985. Cultural resources (measured by parents' cultural behavior while the respondent was growing up) turns out to be a strong predictor of educational attainment, and equally so for men and women. It accounts for about one-third of the educational reproduction effect. However, the effect of cultural background declined considerably under communism. Finally, parents' political resources (measured as parents membership of the Communist Party) is shown to have a weak but consistent effect on educational attainment in the six countries. Although this effect was relatively strong in the early communist period, it was negligible for the younger cohorts.     

The gender gap in pro-environmental political participation among older adults

Citizens are increasingly concerned with environmental issues and some of them take contentious political actions or adapt their lifestyles to reduce their environmental footprint. Research finds that there is an eco-gender gap in everyday environmental behaviours, with women more active than men. However, studies of the eco-gender gap have infrequently looked at other forms of pro-environmental political behaviours and focused mostly on young people. We contribute to the literature by examining to what extent older women and men differ in a range of pro-environmental political behaviours, using a unique dataset based on a survey of individuals 64 years and older. We find strong evidence of a gender gap in everyday behaviours and political consumerism, but not in relation to contentious forms of political participation. This gender gap in relation to everyday behaviours and political consumerism diminishes with age.     

Poverty or riches: who benefits from the booming tourism industry in Botswana?

ABSTRACT

Botswana is a key tourism destination in Southern Africa mainly because of the rich wildlife resources and scenic beauty it sustains. Since the 1990s, the growth of wildlife-based tourism in Botswana has stimulated the development of a variety of tourism infrastructure and facilities. This paper asks if these qualify as sustainable tourism. Using both primary and secondary data sources, the study reveals that foreign-owned safari companies and investors dominate Botswana’s tourism industry, leading to the repatriation of tourism revenue, domination of management positions by expatriates and lower salaries for citizen workers. Tourism also fails to significantly contribute to rural development in Botswana due to its weak linkages with the domestic economy. Promoting more inclusive and beneficial policies and strategies would allow tourism to become more sustainable, making a significant contribution to local development, and allowing citizens to finally see real benefits from an industry which is sustained by their local environment.     

经济发展理论的新古典政治经济学与发展经济学的创新

发展经济学经历了三个发展阶段,即结构主义阶段、新古典主义复兴阶段和新古典政治经济学阶段,而在以新古典政治经济学为标志的发展经济学新阶段,发展经济学从研究视角、方法到内容都出现了全面的创新,对于我们认识包括中国在内的众多发展中国家的经济发展问题具有重要意义。