欧盟关税优惠案对发展中国家的影响

欧盟 2 0 0 1年 12月 10日通过的第 2 5 0 1/2 0 0 1号理事会条例就向发展中国家提供优惠关税作出了包括反药品生产在内的五种安排 ,给予 12个发展中国家优于其他发展中国家的关税待遇。印度由此向世贸组织提出申诉 ,认为欧盟条例 (后将其指控限定在药品安排 )违反了关贸总协定第 1条第 1款的规定 ,且不能以授权条款作为抗辩理由。专家组于 2 0 0 3年 12月 1日公布报告 ,支持印度的指控。欧盟就专家组的报告提起上诉。针对欧盟的上诉和其他当事方的意见 ,上诉庭明确了授权条款的地位问题、指控方应承担的提出证据的标准问题、以及非歧视待遇的内涵问题 ,据此 ,欧盟的药品安排被裁定不符合授权条款的规定。上诉庭的裁定意见将对发展中国家在世界贸易组织内享有的权利产生消极和积极两个方面的重要影响     

论中西方人性观的差异

本文认为把中西方人性观的差异归结为性善与性恶之差异,易使人们对中西方的人性观及其差异产生简单化、表面化、抽象化、片面化的理解.本文认为中西方的人性观的差异,与其说为性善与性恶之差异,不如说为一元和谐论与两元对立论、乐观主义与悲观主义、理想主义与现实主义、等级主义与平等主义、泛道德主义与自然主义、义务本位与权利本位之差异.     

Economic crisis,families, and family policy in the Baltic states, 2009–2014

ABSTRACT

The three Baltic countries experienced the most rapid population decline throughout the 1990s and 2000s in Europe. The resulting critical demographic situation motivated the governments of the Baltic states to pay more political attention to family policy issues than in the rest of Europe. The aim of the paper is to analyze the development of family policy in Baltic countries and factors that influenced it during the 2009 economic crisis. Also, the outcomes in terms of child poverty and fertility are highlighted. Results show that the economic resources and fertility level had an essential impact on family policy in the Baltic states. Economic support to families, in turn, directly alleviate the poverty level of families and indirectly influence fertility.     

Improving Reputation BIT by BIT: Bilateral Investment Treaties and Foreign Accountability

The literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) has paid an increasing interest to international institutions such as bilateral investment treaties (BITs), but whether BITs help attract FDI is an unsettled question. Building on the existing literature, this article argues that BITs can change investors’ perceptions and the corresponding investment they make because signing BITs signals the involvement of another powerful country that is able to compel the host government to comply. This implies that the effect of BITs is not constant across signatory countries: BITs are more effective when they are signed with rich and influential countries. Using monadic and dyadic FDI data, this article finds that BITs signed with powerful countries (defined as the top six largest economies) lead to an increase in FDI inflows (both from these signatory countries and from other countries). BITs signed with other countries, despite in a larger quantity, have little influence on FDI inflows.     

Vocational education and training legislation in Central and Eastern European countries, the New Independent States and Mongolia (the partner countries). Experience of the European Training Foundation

The aim of this article is to give readers a brief insight into the legislative reforms underway in education and training (VET) in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the New Independent States and Mongolia (the partner countries). It is also hoped that through this, readers will have a flavour of the process of reform in general. Legislative reform is an ongoing process. Since 1989, all countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the New Independent states and Mongolia have addressed the issue of VET reform to meet the needs of their new environment. Some have amended existing education laws, some have adopted specific new VET laws. Others still have undertaken a complete reform of their education and vocational education and training system. The important underlying message is the importance of VET and its reform to the overall democratic and economic processes of countries in transition. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

偷渡问题的社会学分析

福建省连江县琯头镇的偷渡现象及其发展过程是东南沿海偷私渡问题的缩影,解剖这只“麻雀”,可以管窥偷渡对家庭、生产与生活、教育与产业、人口的流失与流动、社会控制等方面产生的影响。     

Investors,turbulence, and transition: Democratic transition and foreign direct investment in nineteen developing countries

Do profit‐seeking foreign direct investors value a country's transition to democracy? If they do, they should vote with their pocketbooks, resulting in a post‐transition increase in foreign direct investment flows. This study attempts to uncover links between transition to democracy and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, In doing so, it addresses existing arguments about connections between democracy and investor behavior. The regions examined have not only experienced democratic transitions, they also account for the majority of the increasing flow of FDI to the developing world. This research employs time‐series cross‐sectional (TSCS) economic and political data, using ordinary least squares with panel corrected standard errors. The central finding is that transition to democracy has a negative effect on FDI. Secondarily, political instability and higher levels of democracy also deter foreign direct investors.     

不确定下的担忧：冷战后东盟国家对中国在地区安全角色的认知

冷战结束之后,东南亚地区国际局势发生了巨大的变化,然而对东盟国家来说,这种变化并没有让它们获得更多的安全感。它们一致的看法是,本地区所面临的最大威胁来自地区大国崛起所带来的地缘政治的不确定性,而这种不确定主要来自中国的稳定与未来发展的不可预测性,如何应对不确定所引发的担忧则构成了东盟国家对华政策的核心问题。     

Changing Patterns of Culture and its Organisation of the Police in a Society of Transition - Case Study: Hungary

The authors examine what happens to the police when a country is in transition towards a more democratic organisation. They use Hungary as the main example, but also provide information about other Eastern European countries. First they elaborate on the case of continuity - discontinuity. Transition is not a result of one moment, it is more appropriate to talk about the erosion of previous values and patterns having taken place for years or even decades instead of their sudden change. There is, however, an indisputable influence of politics on the police. In the course of the change of regime, not only the police but also all the institutions that previously served (in varying degrees) the institutionalised control of criminality, came to a crisis point and their existence and functions became questionable. The authors deal with the vacuum of legitimacy, and possible answers, such as auditing of the police, democratisation and several ways to establish accountability. Finally, a model of the democratic organisation of the police (demilitarised, decentralised and de-concentrated) is sketched.     

“中间地带”:和谐世界的枢纽

地缘政治学说发端于西方国家对地区和全球权力的争夺。在这种学说的发展过程中,著名的地缘政治学者麦金德提出了"心脏地带"理论,斯皮克曼提出了"边缘地带"理论,其间还有二次世界大战时期德国的"生存空间"理论。在西方大国眼中,上述地区都是各自在世界权力竞技场中获得主动地位所必须加以控制的地区,从而导致了大国之间激烈的和长期的地缘政治斗争,世界性的战争和不稳定多由此而生。在笔者看来,这些或在地理上处在大国之间,或在政治上处在大国的强烈关注之下的"被争夺"地区应被称为"中间地带"。"中间地带"是国际政治中的力量凹陷地区,其产生的原因、展示出来的特征以及呈现出的意义都对认识国际政治和国际关系的内在本质具有独特的重要性。