国际私法中弱者权益的保护

随着国际民商事交往的不断扩大,弱者权益的保护已经成为国际私法立法所追求的一个非常重要的理念。文章对我国未来相关立法的完善提出一些建议：一是保护弱者应成为我国国际私法的基本原则;二是保护弱者与增加连结点为＂软化处理＂方法。     

Aspects of the evolution of extra-legal protection in Bulgaria (1989–1999)

In this paper I look at the interplay between organised crime, law, and the state and argue that the evolution of organised crime organisations in Bulgaria was shaped by the dynamic transformation of the legal and economic environment during the 90s, by policies of the state, such as, for example, the regulation of the private security and insurance industries (in 1994 and 1998 respectively), which mafia-like organisations used as fronts for their activities during the 90s and by the ability of organised crime organisations to adapt to the constantly changing conditions. In the first section of the paper I look at the emergence of the private security and private protection industries in Bulgaria with an emphasis on the development of organisations using the threat of violence to settle disputes, discourage competition, retrieve stolen property and collect debts. In the second section of the paper, I follow the transformation of certain type of private security companies into insurance companies, which directed their activities at properties liable to risk, for instance cars and small shops. They enjoyed an advantage over ordinary insurance companies because they possessed greater information about the risks, which could affect the property of their clients, for example theft (car theft in particular). The concluding section discusses the development of silovi grupirovki (the Bulgarian name for organised crime organisations) after 1998 when a very strict licensing regime for insurance companies was introduced and alleged to be mafia-like organisations were removed from the insurance market.

中国国际私法立法问题论略

中国国际私法立法问题涉及相互关联的四个向度.在立法理念层面,我国围际私法立法应采公平优先、兼顾效率的方略.在立法技术层面.应当注意国际私法立法的逻辑周延性和体系的系统性.在立法形式层面,宜采用管辖权、法律选择和司法协助三大内容的综合性法典形式.在立法内容层面.则须响应当代涉外民事交往的复杂化、专业化、网络化和契约化等发展趋势,从而在内容构造和设定上反映出本时代的精神.     

食品安全权及其法律构造

食品安全问题具有普遍性,越来越受到世界各国及相关国际组织的重视。但是,在既有的人权法和国际法文本中均找不到食品安全及食品安全权这样的表述,食品安全权及其保障只在一些国际组织的扩大解释文件及国际软法中存在,其不具有法律约束力,这种状况必须改变。在国内法层面,我国《宪法》中不存在保护民众食品安全权的相关表述,《民法通则》、《侵权责任法》、《消费者权益保护法》等法律中的健康权表述也没有明确提及这种健康权是否包括食品安全权。《食品安全法》虽已经存在并在继续完善中,但是其中也没有提出以保障食品安全权作为其立法宗旨。因为食品安全问题涉及民生、社会稳定,甚至国家安全,宪法和法律必须加以明确。未来有必要对《食品安全法》进行全面整修,以保障民众的食品安全权为根本宗旨,整合食品安全相关领域的法律法规,从而有效威慑危害食品安全的行为,同时为食品安全权被侵害者提供更多更充分的私权保护及更为直接的法律救济路径。     

Business engagement in violence prevention and peace-building: the case of Kenya

Kenyan business was important in mitigating episodes of election violence in 2007–2008 and 2013. This article finds that this role was motivated by the ethical and moral commitments of key business leaders to further peace in times of violence; and by interests in preventing future economic loss. However, by adopting a lens that situates business roles in violence prevention and peace-building within Kenya’s conflict systems and political economy, the article finds a paradox: this lens confirms the Kenyan ‘success story’ with respect to specific violent episodes; but it also reveals a much more limited role for business in transforming the underlying sources of conflict; especially when these are congruent with key business fundamentals connected to land ownership, property rights, export-oriented production or services, or a ‘limited’ access order. Overall, the article highlights that business should leverage its comparative advantages within broader multi-stakeholder coalitions, especially in terms of its ability to influence political leaders, entry-points for informal dialogue to diffuse crises and capital to support peace-building initiatives.     

论立法保护私人财产权的迫切性

私人财产权的法律保护问题已是我国法学界的研究热点,历经全国人大常委会四审的《物权法草案》因某些学者对其中有关“保护私人财产权”法律条文的质疑而被暂时搁置,这令诸多法学家扼腕。据此,以双方主要争议为基础探讨在我国立法保护私人财产权的迫切性。     

海牙《扶养义务法律适用议定书》新规则探究

涉外扶养是当今国际社会民事领域的热点问题,我国已签署的于2007年11月通过的海牙《扶养义务法律适用议定书》,是海牙国际私法会议最新的有关涉外扶养法律适用的国际条约。文章通过深入研究该议定书的新规则,探求其优势所在及存在的缺陷,以期得到国内学界的关注。     

试论我国国际私法的健全与完善

伴随着现代生命科学技术的发展,各国纷纷制定或加强了本国的生命科技立法,由此引发了很多新型的民事法律冲突.这类新型的法律冲突充分暴露了我国国际私法的缺陷.立法机关应采取相应的立法对策完善我国国际私法.     

论公法上财产权——以存在根据、成立要件和表现形式为主

私有财产权中的"私有"应解为"私人享有"而非"依私法享有",因此,私有财产权既可为私法上权利,亦可为公法上权利.公法上财产权存在的根据在于宪法上私有财产权在行政法上的直接适用和宪法规定在行政法上的具体化.公法上财产权不能由公法规范和公权力主体的义务直接导出,其成立还需要以该公法规范至少同时亦具有保护特定私人财产利益的目的为前提.基于私人在公法上的一般法律地位,公法上财产权可大致区分为消极的公法上财产权和积极的公法上财产权两大类.     

民法是私法吗？

基于平衡保护私人自治与维护社会公共秩序两个基本点的考虑,公私法划分标准采用"规范性质区别说".按照这种观点,民法中的任意性规范都是私法,强行性规范都是公法.这是以规范为单位对民法属性进行的考察.民法既有私法性的规范和制度,也有公法性的规范和制度,既调整私法关系,也调整公法关系,所以,民法是公私混合法.