Open-source intelligence and privacy by design

As demonstrated by other papers on this issue, open-source intelligence (OSINT) by state authorities poses challenges for privacy protection and intellectual-property enforcement. A possible strategy to address these challenges is to adapt the design of OSINT tools to embed normative requirements, in particular legal requirements. The experience of the VIRTUOSO platform will be used to illustrate this strategy. Ideally, the technical development process of OSINT tools is combined with legal and ethical safeguards in such a way that the resulting products have a legally compliant design, are acceptable within society (social embedding), and at the same time meet in a sufficiently flexible way the varying requirements of different end-user groups. This paper uses the analytic framework of privacy design strategies (minimise, separate, aggregate, hide, inform, control, enforce, and demonstrate), arguing that two approaches for embedding legal compliance seem promising to explore in particular. One approach is the concept of revocable privacy with spread responsibility. The other approach uses a policy mark-up language to define Enterprise Privacy Policies, which determine appropriate data handling.     

Capturing ethnicity: the case of Ukraine

Abstract

Building on past survey-based studies of ethnic identity, we employ the case of Ukraine to demonstrate the importance of taking seriously the multidimensionality of ethnicity, even in a country that is regarded as deeply divided. Drawing on relational theory, we identify four dimensions of ethnicity that are each important in distinctive ways in Ukraine: individual language preference, language embeddedness, ethnolinguistic identity, and nationality. Using original survey data collected in May 2014, we show that the choice of one over the other can be highly consequential for the conclusions one draws about ethnicity’s role in shaping attitudes (e.g. to NATO membership), actions (e.g. participation in the Euromaidan protests), and the anticipation of outgroups’ behavior (e.g. expectations of a Russian invasion). Moreover, we call attention to the importance of including the right control variables for precisely interpreting any posited effects of ethnicity, making specific recommendations for future survey research on ethnic identity in Ukraine.     

贵州苗族芦笙文化初探

芦笙文化是苗族世代沿袭下来的一种具有典型意义的古老文化.在贵州苗族地区的社会生活中,芦笙是一种多功能的文化复合体.在祭祀活动中,它是祭器也是法师;在社会教育中,它是件具有语义性的教化工具,在文化生活中,是一件不可或缺的乐器,它以历史赋予的特殊身份和多种功能,作用于苗族社会生活中的各个领域,并为当今贵州苗族地区的文化、旅游服务.     

法律语言风格演变的规律及制约因素

法律语言风格的演变是一个循序渐进的过程,代代相习,逐步形成了法律语言自身的格调。在演变过程中,遣词造句越来越准确、简明、平实,法律语言文本越来越程式化、多样化,法律语言风格必须同社会发展相适应,因为法律语言风格演变不仅受语言文字自身发展水平制约,更主要受法律文化语境的制约,文学也是一个不容忽视的因素。法律语言风格演变的研究有助于了解法律语言背后的法文化状态及其对法律语言风格的影响,对当前法律语言优化具有一定的现实意义。     

将学生的个性心理引入大学外语教学

大学生在外语学习中表现出明显的个性心理特征,既有有利的,也有不利的。教师在教学过程中应针对学生的个性差异,因材施教。培养学生优秀的个性心理品质,要注意从三方面入手:一是激发学生对外语学习的兴趣;二是建立良好的师生关系;三是培养学生的自信心。     

社会文化心态与外语的教与学

社会文化心态是指特定人群或个人在一定的社会文化形态中长期形成的对某些事物的心理反应和处置方法。而特定人群的某种特定心态,又是与其所处社会的民族文化模式、历史文化传统、个人的文化素养、心理素质以及社会的整体经济发展水平和对外文化经济交流程度等有着密切的联系。本文从东西方不同的社会文化心态入手,探讨了不同的社会文化心态对外语教学的影响,并提出了自己的看法。     

模糊立法语言的语义学分析

法律以语言文字为载体。尽管法律人竭力为法律概念设定边界,但是大部分法律概念的内涵或外延依然是模糊的。在法律的创制过程中,合理使用模糊语言不但不会损害法律的明确性,相反倒可能有助于在不确定中寻求到确定性。     

加强中俄科技合作 促进我国西部开发——推荐30项中俄产业科技合作项目

加强对俄高科技产业合作已成为发展对俄经贸的一项重要战略内容、在可预见的未来．它将在中俄经贸关系中居先导地位。在我国实施西部大开发战略中．开展中俄产业科技大合作．必将有力地促进两国经济及经贸关系的大发展。为此．本文介绍了中国西部地区与俄罗斯的产业技术合作的历史与现实基础．提出了西部地区拟重点规划的３０项中俄产业科技合作项目以及西部大开发战略中的中俄产业科技合作方式。     

从全球的濒危语言现象看我国民族语言文化生态的保护和利用问题

社会、经济、历史、文化、语言使用人口以及通讯技术等因素致使濒危语言现象产生,文章对如何保护和抢救我国民族濒危语言提出了对策性建议。     

‘They do not help,only demoralize’: peasant nachalniks and the last imperial Russian reform on the Kazakh Steppe, 1902–1917

ABSTRACT

This article studies an early-twentieth-century reform in local administration on the Kazakh Steppe. It was catalyzed by the massive in-migration of peasant settlers from European Russia, which required fundamentally new administrative forms and institutional decisions from the state. In 1902 the Russian Empire extended the Temporary Regulation on Peasant Nachalniks, which was previously law only in Siberia, to the steppe oblasts of Akmola, Turgai, Semipalatinsk and Uralsk. In examining discussions surrounding the implementation of the new law, this article uncovers the complexity and ambiguities of the decisions that were made, the problems the new law faced, and the wide array of participants in enacting it. The article also compiles a socio-cultural portrait of the peasant nachalniks and the activities they undertook. Finally, it addresses how the Kazakh population perceived these new officials, and how they interacted with representatives of the Kazakh administration, which was crucial to their effectiveness.