‘They do not help,only demoralize’: peasant nachalniks and the last imperial Russian reform on the Kazakh Steppe, 1902–1917

ABSTRACT

This article studies an early-twentieth-century reform in local administration on the Kazakh Steppe. It was catalyzed by the massive in-migration of peasant settlers from European Russia, which required fundamentally new administrative forms and institutional decisions from the state. In 1902 the Russian Empire extended the Temporary Regulation on Peasant Nachalniks, which was previously law only in Siberia, to the steppe oblasts of Akmola, Turgai, Semipalatinsk and Uralsk. In examining discussions surrounding the implementation of the new law, this article uncovers the complexity and ambiguities of the decisions that were made, the problems the new law faced, and the wide array of participants in enacting it. The article also compiles a socio-cultural portrait of the peasant nachalniks and the activities they undertook. Finally, it addresses how the Kazakh population perceived these new officials, and how they interacted with representatives of the Kazakh administration, which was crucial to their effectiveness.     

New media and strategic narratives: the Dutch referendum on Ukraine – EU Association Agreement in Ukrainian and Russian Internet blogs

ABSTRACT

This article analyses two confronting narratives authored by Ukrainian and Russian bloggers who reported the Dutch referendum held on 6 March 2016, and discussed Dutch citizens’ referendum vote on the Ukraine–EU Association Agreement. The considered narratives, addressed to the Ukrainian and Russian audiences respectively, are viewed as strategic because they specifically portray political actors of the referendum “drama” – the Netherlands, the European Union (EU), Ukraine and Russia. These actors are significant participants of European international relations, and their perceptions of one another are important for European security at the present time of critical diplomacy. In this paper, information about the DUTCH REFERENDUM obtained from the new media texts is regarded as a narrative-based political concept (NBPC). It is argued that this concept has different versions, or images that reflect the narrators’ biased perceptions imposed upon the public. Identification and comparison of such images require a particular methodology. Therefore, the objective of this paper is two-fold: to expose the two confronting versions of a strategically relevant political image, and to develop an authentic, interdisciplinary methodology for its analysis. The proposed methodology is informed by the ontology theory employed in cognitive science and cognitive linguistics.     

论俄国资本主义时期的农业经济

俄国在1861年改革后半个世纪的资本主义农业经济发展过程中,地主经济落后于农民经济发展水平。地主经济的特点是资本主义与半封建关系交织在一起。地主经济在农业生产总规模中所占比重较低,且不断缩小;绝大多数土地集中于少数地主手中,地主向农民出租土地;过高的租金与地租成为农民的主要负担,严重阻碍了农民经济的发展。在整个资本主义时期,农民经济是俄国农业生产的主力军,是农业生产中的主要形式;在资本主义农业进化过程中,地主经济压迫了农民经济的发展,正如列宁所论:地主经济在经济上是起反作用的。     

俄远东铁路货物运输及其国际合作

铁路运输是远东主要的运输形式,西伯利亚大铁路在远东铁路货物运输中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来远东铁路运输经济效益较低,面临着许多困难。为此远东铁路部门采取了相应的措施,并取得了一定的成效。远东铁路货物运输潜力巨大,与东北亚地区各国的合作为其未来的发展带来了新的契机。     

利用复述的方法学习英语

复述是一种有效的外语学习方法,它主要分为对语音材料的复述和对阅读材料的复述。语音复述训练有助于学习者习得纯正的发音,并且通过对长句、文章以及对影片的复述,培养其良好的语感;把看过的东西讲出来,或是用已掌握的英语知识编故事、讲故事,或是按要求做口头作文、背诵,这都是对阅读材料进行的复述训练。     

中外英语教学"言语活动"的比较与研究

随着社会经济的发展,学习外国语言显得日益重要。由于英语语言所具有的国际性,根据教学大纲的要求,应使英语教学尽快地适应发展的趋势,深化中外英语教学的比较与研究。     

Speculating on the Exclusion of the Feminine

This article investigates Frenchfeminist philosopher, Luce Irigaray, with aview to discussing how a critique ofocularcentrism is a focus in articulating herproject of sexual difference. It will discusshow an ocularcentric tradition intersects withissues of sexual difference and language, andhow these together enact relations of powerthat erase the feminine from view. Irigaray'stextual strategies are explored as possessingthe potential to engender a new femininesubjectivity. This article is divided into foursections. In the first section, the privilegingof the visual in western philosophical thoughtis discussed, with particular reference tolanguage. In the following section, Irigaray'sintellectual project will be introduced, payingparticular attention to her use of language andthe role of vision. In the light of thesediscussions, Irigaray's re-reading of Plato'smyth of the cavern will then be subjected toclose examination and critique, to demonstratehow an ocularcentric tradition operates indiscourse. Finally the article will conclude bysuggesting an analysis of Irigaray's work interms of how language, vision, light, sexualdifference operate as relations of power isessential in the creation of a new femininesubjectivity.     

浅谈犯罪隐语特殊的交际功能

犯罪隐语是一种特殊的语言符号,它是特定的人群在特殊的场合为了达到特殊的交际目的而使用的一种具有特殊含义的语言符号。由于犯罪隐语语意的特指性、使用对象的特定性、使用环境的特殊性和使用地区的差异性,使其在特定的交际活动中表现出特殊的交际功能。     

俄罗斯的科技改革与发展趋势

俄罗斯科研机构庞大，科学技术实力雄厚，在遭受了经济危机的打击后，依然是当今世界科技基础雄厚的国家。近年来，俄罗斯科研机构和科研人员的状况及科研机构的改革，科技战略和政策的调整，表明了俄罗斯力图保持科技大国地位的决心，同时也从一个侧面展示了它的科技实力。     

苏联的债务问题及其解决前景

苏联解体后 ,苏联的债务经债权人的努力全部转由俄罗斯承担 ,这使得俄罗斯债务猛增 ,几乎压垮预算 ,特别是俄加入巴黎债权人俱乐部后 ,被迫以高利息偿还苏联的债务 ,更使得俄罗斯债务重重 ,步履维艰。为此 ,应从俄罗斯实际出发 ,制定一系列减轻俄罗斯债务的有效方法和草案。