SEM/EDS法和XRF法在电工胶带检验中的应用

目的探索电工胶带带基的元素检验方法。方法利用扫描电镜/能谱法（SEM/EDS）对电工胶带带基中的主体元素进行定量分析,通过SPSS软件对SEM/EDS定量分析法检测出的主体元素（Cl和Ca）相对含量进行统计分析;利用X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）对电工胶带带基中的微量元素进行定性分析。结果34个品牌红色电工胶带组成的561组样品对通过SEM/EDS定量分析法可以区分539组,区分率达到96.1%;根据XRF法定性分析测出的Mg、Al、Si、S、Ti、Sb、Ba、Pb微量元素的不同组合可将34种电工胶带分成11组,两种方法结合可使不同品牌红色电工胶带的区分率达到98.4%。结论SEM/EDS法和XRF法结合可以实现同种颜色、不同品牌电工胶带的高效区分。     

Analytical methods used for the discrimination of substances suspected to be bar soap: a preliminary study

The submission to forensic laboratories of unknown specimens suspected of being biological or chemical warfare agents has increased tremendously with the threat of terrorism. Oftentimes, a threatening correspondence that contains hoax materials is intended to make the recipient(s) believe they have been exposed to a toxin. In some cases, the perpetrator can use standard household products, such as detergents and soaps. Once these materials are received, they become forensic evidence and may be analyzed for identification and/or comparison with known seized material from a suspect(s). Two separate studies were conducted using different analytical protocols for bar soaps. In the first set, the forensic laboratory at the United States Secret Service conducted tests on 68 bars of soap using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The 68 different soaps displayed unique total ion chromatogram profiles. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy was also used to characterize 46 of the 68 soaps as a preliminary study. In a second set of studies, as part of a homicide investigation, the laboratory at the California Department of Justice, Riverside, conducted examinations on 13 bars of soap by utilizing Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The case study demonstrated that it is possible to distinguish some bar soaps using infrared analysis. Furthermore, the bar soaps could be distinguished from typical laundry detergents using this technique.     

应用SME/EDX和ICP-AES检测元素成份判定致伤工具

目的应用扫描电镜／能谱联合分析仪(Scanning electron microscopy&Energy dispersive X-ray apparatus SEM／EDX)和电感耦合原子发射等离子光谱(inductively coupled plasma-atom emission spectrometer ICP-AES)对金属致伤工具本身及所致创口残留物元素成分分析，探讨两者在推断认定此类工具的应用条件及价值。方法镀层和普通铁质工具在乳猪皮肤各致创5例，SEM／EDX对创口内遗留金属颗粒元素检测；用标准样品检测实验方法的精确度；普通铁质工具于刀背、刀刃处各取5个样本，ICP-AES测定元素成分与含量。结果镀锌工具所致创口中存在单一含有锌的金属颗粒，镀黄铜工具则同时含有锌和铜，未发现其它元素；不锈钢或普通铁质菜刀创口中，发现同时含有铁、铬、硅或铁、锰、硅的颗粒；除5号菜刀外同一把铁质菜刀在刀刃、刀背处元素含量无明显差别；ICP-AES分析表明不锈钢菜刀之间在铬、锰、硅、铜、钼和5号刀背部以及其他铁质菜刀在锰、硅元素含量差别具有显著意义，5号刀刃部锰、硅、钼、钛、磷、硫、镍元素RSD明显升高。结论SEM／EDX可以通过创口的检测对金属致伤工具进行种类的推断认定，ICP-AES则可在同种类致伤工具中进行相对同一的判定有应用价值。     

SEM/EDAX检测内脏异物元素成分诊断溺死

为探讨溺死诊断的依据和推断入水地点，用扫描电镜／X－射线谱仪（SEM／EDAX）检测19例溺死尸体及28只溺死兔的肺、肾、心、肝等组织异物颗粒及其元素成分和含量，并以陆地上死亡尸体14具及8只陆地上勒死兔（2只勒死后入水浸泡6天）作实验对照。结果发现，19例溺死尸体及28只溺死兔的肺边缘区呼吸性细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊及肺泡内均可见高能谱值的异物颗粒，其大小自数微米至数十微米不等，多为无定形异物颗粒或细小异物颗粒集落。其中元素成分为硅、铝、钙、铁、铬、钛、钼、铅、锡、铜、溴等，与入水地点溺液中所含元素成分相同；肾、心、肝组织异物颗粒检出率分别为77％、53％及47％，数量较少，颗粒较小，大小自1微米以下至十数微米。非溺死尸体及实验兔的肺、肾、心、肝组织未检出或偶尔检出异物颗粒，其元素成分多为铁、钙或硅等，可能是病理及生理性异物颗粒，如含铁血黄素、钙化灶等。用SEM／EDAX检测水中尸体组织中异物颗粒及其元素成分和含量，可以诊断溺死，推断入水区域，为明确案件性质和确定侦察范围提供科学依据。     

扫描电镜下缢沟的形态特征

作者用光镜和扫描电镜对縊沟进行对比观察,得出如下结论:(1)扫描电镜下縊沟组织的改变具有较恒定的特征,出血及纤维蛋白检出率远较光镜为高;(2)在光镜下生活反应不明显的生前缢沟,在扫描电镜下其表面及断面均可见红细胞及纤维蛋白形成,并包裹红细胞。縊沟部位胶原纤维之间可见散在大小不等的圆球形脂肪样小滴。缢沟部位肥大细胞的形态改变,有助于生前与死后缢沟的鉴别诊断。     

Individual values and delinquency: on considering universals in the content and structure of values

The systematic relation between delinquency and the overall spectrum of individual values has not been a particular topic of psychological research in the past. To fill this gap, we refer to Schwartz’s [(1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1–65] theory of universals in the content and structure of values (TUV) and re-interpret the results of Hermann’s [(2003). Werte und Kriminalität. Wiesbaden: Springer] criminological research on individual reflexive values, norm acceptance, and self-reported delinquency against this background: We verify to what extent the Individual Reflexive Value Scale (IRVS) covers the overall spectrum of values defined by TUV. We validate this match by content analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) and compute IRVS-based basic and higher-order value scores. Confirmatory and spherical MDS with these scores yield the circular value structure postulated by TUV. Structural equation modelling (SEM) reveals systematic relations between basic values, norm acceptance and self-reported delinquency in accord with the ‘sinusoid curve hypothesis’. Moving around the value circle yields the highest negative correlations of self-reported delinquency with tradition and conformity and the highest positive correlations with hedonism and stimulation. These values are indicators of the higher-order value dimension ‘conservation’ versus ‘openness to change’. The significant impact of this value dimension on norm acceptance and delinquency is documented by means of SEM.     

Modelling public confidence of the police: how perceptions of the police differ between neighborhoods in a city

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a survey evaluating the views of 1322 residents of York, UK around their perceptions and attitudes towards crime, their local area, and the police with the aim of understanding the main factors affecting public confidence within the city. The study uses Structural Equation Modelling to develop several models which are evaluated to examine whether differences in public confidence in the police exist across disparate local communities with varying degrees of neighbourhood perceptions. The results indicate that even in a relatively small city such as York, the factors which most affect an individual’s views of the police can vary wildly depending on an individual’s perceptions regarding their local area. The results suggest that policing strategies aimed at improving public confidence must be altered depending on the views residents hold regarding their local communities.     

Fragrance transfer between fabrics for forensic reconstruction applications

Sexual assault is a serious crime that often has low conviction rates. Recent literature has demonstrated that there is potential for fragrances to be valuable in forensic reconstructions where there has been contact between individuals. However, developing appropriate evidence bases for understanding the nature of fragrance transfer in these contexts is needed. This article presents three experiments that address the transfer process of fragrances that have been transferred from a primary piece of fabric onto a secondary piece of fabric, in a manner that could occur during an assault. The three variables studied were the ageing time of the fragrances on the first fabric prior to transfer, the contact time between the two fabrics, and lastly the fabric type (of the primary material and the recipient material). The transfer was evaluated using a validated solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME GC–MS) method. The findings demonstrated that all three variables had an impact on the transfer of fragrances between clothing fabrics. Generally, lower volatility compounds were transferred and recovered in larger amounts than higher volatility compounds. All fragrance compounds were successfully recovered from a secondary piece of fabric even when the contact time was as short as 10 s, and even when the perfume was aged on the primary fabric for as long as 48 h. The nature of the fragrance transfer also depended on the fabric type, so that a clear discrimination was observed between the fragrance transfer that occurred onto a natural fabric (cotton) and onto a synthetic fabric (polyester).     

92式手枪射击距离与射击残留物分布密度相关性的研究

目的研究92式手枪射击距离与射击残留物分布密度的相关性,为射击距离的推断提供依据。方法选择92式手枪,在带皮的猪肉上覆盖白色棉布,设计了0m,0．1m,0．2m,0．5m,1．0m,1．5m,3．0m,5．0m,10m,15．0m,20．0m,25．0m共12个距离进行射击,提取白棉布上的弹孔圆周和距弹孔2cm的圆周上的射击残留物,利用扫描电镜／能谱仪对不同射击距离遗留在白棉布上的射击残留物进行检验。结果白棉布上射击残留物分布密度与射击距离呈负相关的关系。结论根据棉布上射击残留物的分布密度,能够推断射击距离,对涉枪案件中射击距离的判断有一定的参考价值。     

Nationalism in the USSR: a historical and comparative perspective

The late 1980s and early 1990s were characterized by the sudden rise of nationalist movements in almost all Soviet ethnic regions. It is argued that the rise of political nationalism since the late 1980s can be explained by the development of cultural nationalism in the previous decades, as an unintended outcome of Communist nationalities policy. All ethnic regions are examined throughout the entire history of the USSR (49 regions, 1917–1991), using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. This paper aims to make at least three contributions to the field. First, it is a methodological contribution for studying nationalism: a “quantification of history” approach. Having constructed variables from historical data, I use conventional statistical methods such as SEM. Second, this paper contributes to the theoretical debate about the role of cultural autonomy in multiethnic states. Finally, the paper statistically proves that the break between early Soviet and Stalinist nationalities policy explains the entire Soviet nationalities policy.