论以民族主义宣传调控民众不满情绪的成败条件——基于数学模型的分析

人类历史上,许多国家执政者有时会采用煽动民族主义情绪的方式转移民众视线以应对合法性危机。但此方法会同时增加民众的民族主义诉求,当执政者可能无法满足相关诉求时,民众即会产生新的不满。在煽动民族主义情绪时,执政者必然要把握尺度,不断通过评估-调整的调控方式将民众不满情绪稳定于最低水平。通过数学建模分析可发现,此调控方式有趋于失序、趋于均衡两种结果,函数弹性差值是调控成败的关键。函数弹性差值决定于社会信息化程度、社会祛魅程度和执政者公信力。     

黑格尔悲剧理论的社会思想基础

18世纪的德国，温和的自由主义思潮、浪漫主义化的民族主义思潮以及浪漫主义化的保守主义思潮，深刻影响了德国历史文化的发展进程。黑格尔的悲剧理论深深植根于18世纪后期、19世纪前半期的德国乃至欧洲的历史文化发展过程中，和这三股思潮的发展紧密联系在一起。     

试论传统中国法的和谐理念——和谐之价值蜕变

中国传统和谐理念蕴含丰富的宇宙关怀与人文关怀——传统文化中有具体体现。而在传统法申，“和谐”却发生了价值蜕变——逐渐掩饰矛盾、维护专制统治。究其缘由，主要是世俗社会对和谐的误解、曲解以及运用的失误。以传统中国文化中所体现的“和谐”理念为出发点．结合中西价值观念对“法”的理解与诠释，或可初步探究中国传统法律追求和谐的积极意义与消极弊病及原因，甚至法律及其追求的价值与其所处的具体时代及所处具体地域的关系。     

21世纪的国际能源安全问题

世界经济全球化和全球性问题的兴起，导致能源安全观的重塑，追求供需安全的传统能源安全观正被一种新的综合能源安全观取代。综合能源安全观不仅涵盖了供应安全和需求安全，而且广泛地涉及环境、气候和人的安全。在全球化背景下，世界各国普遍面临一些重大的能源安全问题，包括能源储量集中于战略空白区、能源需求的集中、能源资源密集型国家去稳定化、不可抗力、能源运输阻塞点、不确定的投资环境、资源民族主义和气候变化。除了这些具有普遍性的能源安全议题外，中国能源安全还有其特殊性，化石能源峰值，即煤炭、石油和天然气消耗过快，不仅制约了化石能源体系的可持续发展，而且进口依赖度将不可逆转；从全球化时代的综合能源安全观来看，中国严重依赖煤炭，形成了一种不安全的能源消费结构；在当前能源消费结构下，中国在全球气候变化谈判中将面临更大的减排压力。因此，能源安全的根本之路在于加强新能源、可再生能源及其相关技术的投资与研发，不断扩大新能源和可再生能源在能源消费结构中的比例。归根结底，在国际气候变化谈判的框架下，重构能源消费体系对于解决上述所有安全问题都具有决定性意义。     

Political Dimensions In Aino Kallas’s Texts

This article focuses on how the Finnish-Estonian literary author Aino Kallas (1878–1956) worked with fact and fiction in order to activate a political dimension in her works. I offer an interpretation inspired by the literary theorist Jacques Rancière, whereby the short story Bernhard Riives is discussed in terms of the creation of new political subjects. When Kallas toured the USA and Canada in 1926 she opened her recitals by giving a historical background that could explain the events of her fictive story. The interplay between fact and fiction politicized both the original story and the event of the public reading, I argue, but in ways that were out of the control of the author.     

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights at Seventy: Rejuvenate or Retire?*

This lecture marks the seventieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) with an analysis of the Declaration's contemporary relevance. It considers whether, in today's turbulent and fractured political environment in which human rights abuses remain widespread, the UDHR still has a role to play. A case is made that the UDHR was, in fact, written precisely for a moment like now. The lecture starts by considering the important legal impact of the UDHR, whilst acknowledging that the legal enforcement of human rights sometimes overshadows the emotions of care and empathy that lie at the heart of both the Declaration and the whole concept of human rights. It then emphasises the significant role the UDHR has played in giving individuals a voice to hold states accountable. Finally, it explores the UDHR's ethical and inspirational vision that helped to create a baseline of norms and standards aimed at promoting diversity, mutual respect and peace. For all these reasons, the UDHR most certainly needs to be rejuvenated rather than retired.     

Kinshasa: An urban elite considers city,nation and state

The declining salience of the nation state has led to an interest in whether other socially constructed forms, such as the city, have replaced it as a source of accumulation, belief and identity. This article seeks to explore whether this is true in the case of the capital of one of Africa's least successful states, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A survey explored the views towards the city of Kinshasa on the past of a variety of middle-class professional people as potential leaders in different occupations resident in different quarters of the city with roots in different parts of the DRC. Despite their somewhat abject material condition and despite extensive contacts internationally, the old dream of the nation state remains relatively strong among them while feelings towards the city largely reflect its situation in that dream rather than any new kind of loyalty. Members this class have extensive national networks of professional contact that help define their identity. New kinds of urban identity with cultural or political meaning beyond this could not be discerned contrary to the perspective held out initially.     

Organic purity and the role of anthropology in Cambodia and Rwanda

Straus investigates the ideology of two genocidal regimes in the developing world: the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia and Hutu Power in Rwanda. Although the regimes were quite different - one Communist, the other nationalist - he argues that their ideals converged around a notion of organic purity. Both regimes pursued extraordinary violence to meet the ideal: mass destruction was a method to achieve organic purity. Straus further contends that anthropological writings provided the necessary ideational building blocks for this ideal. In promoting a violent return to a mythic past, both murderous regimes embraced the images and concepts of European archaeology and ethnography.     

The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

The massive communal violence that occurred in East Pakistan in 1971 received worldwide attention at the time, but has been largely ignored since. Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide. Journalists’ reports, expatriate testimony, refugee reports and an investigation by the International Commission of Jurists in 1972 all indicate, however, that the Pakistani army did commit genocide in Bangladesh in 1971. The political and ideological circumstances that led to the secession of East Pakistan were conducive to religious and ethnic genocide. Beachler examines the treatment by memoirists and scholars of the 1971 crisis in East Pakistan and seeks to explain the reasons why the genocide in Bangladesh has been largely ignored since the early 1970s. No ideological or partisan faction in the United States has stood to gain much from the study of the Bangladesh genocide. And the governments of Bangladesh and Pakistan have not been interested in promoting study of the mass murder and rapes that took place in 1971.