How Location Efficient Is LIHTC? Measuring and Explaining State-Level Achievement

A growing recognition that the cost of transportation should be included in calculations of housing affordability has led to efforts to promote location efficiency (LE) in affordable housing policy. Because the program is responsible for most new affordable housing in the United States, the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program has the potential to be a link between housing affordability and LE. This research analyzes the extent to which LIHTC units built between 2007 and 2011 were in location-efficient places. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was used to test the role of market, policy, developer, and urban form factors in determining state-level LIHTC LE. We find that for the nation as a whole, from a quarter to half of LIHTC units added during this period were in location-efficient places, depending on the LE criteria applied. State-by-state comparisons showed wide variation in both our absolute measures of LIHTC LE and our relative measures of LIHTC LE compared with overall housing in each state. State policy and nonprofit developers were associated with higher LIHTC LE and had a positive effect on a state’s ability to outperform its underlying urban form.     

‘The Assembly Line and Cars Come First’: Labor Relations and the Demise of Nissan Car Manufacturing in Australia

This article examines the fate of Nissan's plant in Melbourne, Australia, which the company closed in 1992. Studies of Japanese car plants that were set up in overseas markets have generally been positive, outlining how these firms were able to thrive by setting up flexible or lean production methods. In Australia, however, the company was unable to establish lean production and executives complained bitterly about union resistance to non-traditional production methods. The plant was also dogged by poor worker morale and high turnover. This is the first study of Nissan's Australian plant and it shows that not all Japanese transplants were successful.     

论纳税人的用税知情权及其实现

要保证"取之于民"的税款能够真正"用之于民",纳税人就应当对政府用税享有知情权。作为纳税人与有关国家机关之间"获知"与"告知"相关联的产物,纳税人用税知情权是一种积极性权利与消极性权利相结合的综合体,它在纳税人的权利体系中占有极其重要的地位。在我国,纳税人用税知情权的实现不仅需要相关法律体系的完善,而且需要制度保障的跟进和配套机制的建设。     

影视产业国家促进的法制建构——以财税优惠政策为视角

自2018年影视行业补税风潮以来,影视行业的税收问题就成为实务界关注的焦点,然而影视行业的税收问题不仅是自查自纠、或是改变核定征收方式,更应该追本溯源检讨其源头。本文试对以财税优惠为代表的特定的产业政策是否能够发挥其功能、国家促进影视行业所应遵循的法治路径和扮演的角色定位等实践与理论问题予以思考、回应。文章对影视产业相关优惠政策的完善提出了建议,即财税优惠作为国家权力,首先,应遵循基本的权力限制原则,即实现财税优惠的法治化,既包括政策制定也包括执行环节;其次,优惠政策不能沦为企业规避法定义务的工具,即优惠政策的适用主体也应遵循从形式到实质的标准;最后,优惠政策应有合理的绩效评价和效应分析。     

个人所得税法的空筐结构与规范续造

个人所得税法呈现"空筐"外观,实施条例及财税规范性文件循解释执行上位法、依授权制定规则、补充漏洞、创制规则四条进路实施规范续造。地方人大、政府的制度内规则创设权极其有限。税收事项技术性常被作为证成剩余立法权的理由,但此非充要条件。在组织财政收入的传统目标外,调控功能的植入吁求个税规则一定的灵活性。地区间差异使"净额所得"导向的个税规则应有区别,因地制宜的治理实践同样在应然层面消解税权集中的合理性。我国应区分财政目的规范与管制诱导性规范,施以不同程度的法定要求;在纵向适当授权的同时,在横向维度,于四条规范续造路径中分别甄选适于两类规范者。对各类规范续造,都要强化实体和程序控制,并建构审查机制。     

马克思分配正义语境中的税收调节理论及其现实指导意义

按照马克思主义的分配正义理论，按劳分配中的不公平仍然需要政府进行调剂；一定的扣除和分配必须通过政府的权威性以及立法的形式来实施，而税收是唯一通过法的形式来筹集财政收入的渠道；“按劳分配”与“按需分配”的实现都需要发挥税收的调节作用，真正的按劳分配通过税收的调节和相应的社会保障、转移支付等措施必然会导致共同富裕；但税收的征收应体现公平，应采取量能负担的原则，收入多者多缴税，还应考虑家庭人口的多少，相比利润、公债等形式，税收在调节收入分配上具有不可替代的作用；税收调节的最终目标是社会公平，而其中，直接税比间接税对高收入者的调节作用更大等。这对税收政策的制定和新一轮税制改革具有重要的指导意义。税制改革的目标应由以往的效率激励向公平、正义、有序转变。加快推进以调节收入再分配为导向的直接税体系建设，构建以完善的个人所得税为主体，以财产税和社会保障税为两翼，其他税种相互协调配合的税制体系，完善鼓励公益捐赠的税收激励机制。     

集体建设用地制度改革的征税与征收模式辨析

我国集体建设用地制度改革正面临"征收+出让"抑或"入市+征税"的模式选择难题。由于在公共基础设施成本与收益的测算、土地自然增值与非自然增值的区分以及土地增值税的税基、税率确定上存在诸多困难,征税模式在回收公共基础设施投资和实现地利共享的目标上不占优势。而且,集体经营性建设用地入市还面临后续经营上的不确定性,从而会对公共基础设施投资的回收和地利共享目标的实现带来更大风险。实际上,征税和征收绝非截然对立,土地增值税在性质、功能和效果上与土地征收有相似性,人为拔高征税地位,认为其比征收更文明的观点并不科学。因而,我们尚不能断定征税必然优于征收,故集体建设用地制度的改革仍需因地制宜,让"征收+出让"与"入市+征税"两种模式相互竞争、借鉴,并在地尽其利、地利共享的目标下获得融贯发展。     

La Generalización del Impuesto al Valor Agregado: ¿Una opción para México?

Given poor tax collection in Mexico –which has registered an average of 10 to 11 percent of the GDP over the last 10 years, while spending has remained around 20 percent–, fiscal reform has been a recurring issue in public debates. In this context, the vat generalization appears as a major option for the country. Nonetheless, its viability has been caught in a discussion tinged with dogmatic hues. This paper presents some important elements that should be taken into account in the debate regarding a generalization of the vat. If the argument for not generalizing this tax is based on the tax’s regressive turn, it should then be stressed that current tax structure has created a situation of greater inequality in terms of the recipients of the support.     

《中德税收协定》的现状与发展趋势

中德两国互为重要的经济贸易伙伴国。《中德税收协定》自1985年签订以来,成为两国解决双重征税和防止逃漏税问题的法律准则。然而,《中德税收协定》实施后,中国不断地推进税制改革,两国间经贸往来出现了新的形式,与此同时,国际税法理论也有了新的发展。因此,适时修改《中德税收协定》是必要的。尽管中国在德国的投资已有所发展,但是应当清醒地看到,中国仍是资本输入国,在修订《中德税收协定》时,应当坚持来源地管辖权为主和适当兼顾居民管辖权的原则。     

国际税收透明度同行评议及中国的应对

为实施国际税收透明度和信息交换原则而组织的全球税收论坛同行评议是国际税收合作中的新机制。评议中发现在涉外信托、无记名股票和名义持有人三个问题上各国普遍存在信息透明度不足的缺陷。我国作为大陆法系国家,现行的法律法规与论坛所设计的标准也有一定距离,值得引起注意。应当在完善信托税制的实体法律基础上加强获取信托信息的税收征管程序立法,对国内信托和涉外信托分别制定信息申报规则;有必要对公司法第130条进行修订,取消发行无记名股票的规定;制定隐名投资中的名义股东的信息保存法,对名义股东施以信息报告义务。