减税富民:大规模产能过剩条件下启动内需之本

在国际金融危机蔓延、中国出口锐减的背景下,中国制造业大范围、大规模的生产能力过剩问题极其明显地凸显出来。要保持经济的平稳较快发展,必须依靠拉动内需来实现。这就需要调整我们的宏观经济政策基本导向,并相应地改革财税体制和国民收入分配体制,真正实现"让利于民"和"藏富于民",让全体国民享受到经济增长所带来的好处。     

加强两岸税收合作促进两岸融合发展——基于《两岸税收协议》文本的分析

近年来,海峡两岸经济交往密切,人员来往频繁。为防范和消除重复征税,促进两岸经济合作,2015年8月25日《两岸税收协议》正式签署。本文通过对照OECD协定范本、UN协定范本及大陆与其他国家(地区)签署的税收协定或税收安排,分析《两岸税收协议》文本的主要条款,揭示其中所体现的协定立场,即大陆为促进两岸融合发展而让渡了诸多税收利益。随后从理论上分析了该协议生效后预期将产生的积极影响,包括实现税收协定通常的目的,以及增加台湾当局税收收入、减轻台湾地区纳税人税负、提升台湾经济地位等。最后展望未来,期待两岸共同努力,促成《两岸税收协议》尽早生效执行。     

¿Cómo recaudar más sin gastar mejor? Sobre las dificultades de incrementar la carga fiscal en México

This article explores how tax revenue can be increased in Mexico, especially through more collection in higher-income sectors. An overview of the Mexican government's capacity to collect taxes is offered before analyzing the reasons why tax revenue has not increased in over more than two decades. A sketch of strategies that the recent Peña Nieto administration could have followed in order to increase tax revenue in a progressive fashion is also provided. One of the article's main arguments is that without more efficient public spending, it will be difficult to collect more taxes permanently, especially in such an open economy, with institutions that are as weak as those in Mexico. Furthermore, in a democracy, there is little public acceptance for more taxes, no matter how progressive they may be, unless the government can provide certainty about more efficient public spending. For these reasons, unless the quality and progressiveness of public spending and tax collection advances, it is even undesirable that the government increase its tax revenue.     

论税收政策的扩张性调整

我国现行的积极财政政策偏重于扩大政府的投资支出,而税收政策则严重制约了我国经济的增长.在当前继续实施积极财政政策的过程中,应在增值税、消费税、固定资产投资方向调节税、印花税、出口退税等方面对现有税收政策做出适当调整,以实现我国整体经济的良好运行和稳定增长.     

宪法基本国策条款如何进入税法“总则”——规制时代税收法典化的困境及其破解

税法“总则”是落实税收法定原则、实现税法体系化的基本形态,亦是税收法典化的基础性工程。然而,规制时代下“解法典化”的趋势,使得税收法典化陷入规范封闭性与现实开放性之间矛盾的困境。宪法基本国策条款的客观法秩序性质,使得其在具备规范拘束力的同时能够保持结构的开放性,赋予国家义务的同时通过“反射性利益”及其主观化来保护公民的权利。由此,宪法基本国策条款可以成为破解税收法典化困境的有效路径。具体而言,宪法财政基本国策条款确立的发展导向需要通过税法“总则”的立法目的条款予以具体化。在坚持适度法典化的通则法定位基础上,以量能课税原则、受益原则和国家辅助原则的多元互补重塑税收公平的内涵,并在程序保障之下,通过立法沟通机制,最终形成“规则—责任”相衔接的立法体例。     

新一轮减税降费促进民营企业发展研究

民营企业是我国市场经济的主体,激发民营企业的积极性和创造性有利于推动供给侧结构性改革、夯实实体经济基础、推动经济转向高质量发展.改革开放以来,我国实施了多次减税降费政策,对降低企业成本、减轻企业负担、增强企业竞争力发挥了重要作用.2019年以来,我国实施的新一轮减税降费政策的规模和强度都是空前的,全方位、多层次地支持民营企业发展,有力提振了民营企业发展的信心,极大提升了民营企业科技创新能力,大大增强了民营企业参与国际市场竞争底气,有效地巩固了民营企业市场主体地位.未来我国减税降费政策将更加注重引导民营企业把减税降费红利投向技术创新领域,加强对减税降费政策的评估和动态调整,着力克服伴随的负面影响以及做好配套改革等,使减税降费从扶持性政策向制度化长效机制转变.     

Editor’s Note

Over the past two decades, China’s tax law reform has become a highly valued and distinguished area for earnestly advancing Chinese socialist rule of law construction. With the establishment of the principle on strengthening legality of imposing tax, as well as new settings regarding China’s social and economic development, the administration and management of tax collection and protection of taxpayers’ well-being gradually and vigilantly attain responsiveness from top national legislators and scholars. Meanwhile, the efforts exerted by tax administers on fighting tax evasion have been elevated on both international and domestic grounds. For example, a focal area is the evaluation and collection of presumptive tax which is a common routine for administers around the world. Moreover, the current laws and regulations on administering tax collection invite a rigorous process of revision and modification with contemporary conceptions of taxpayers’ well-being. This article argues that, through the example of presumptive tax collection, the administration and management of tax collection should adhere to the basic principles of protecting taxpayers and advancing the goals of de-administrating arduous procedures to conform to new trends of social and economic development. It also proposes that the vigor and dynamics of tax collection efforts should coincide with national goals of reformulating the individual income tax collection mechanisms, solidifying the national conversion of business tax to value-added tax, matching with the new wave of bankruptcy of certain enterprises, and so forth.     

税法的交易定性理论

交易定性在税法分析中占有举足轻重的地位。交易定性围绕认定纳税主体、税收客体的有无、定性和量化以及由此延伸的税收管辖权等税企争议的关键环节展开。在单一合约交易,法律关系与交易定性具有同一性,税法与私法呈协调与融合状态;在复合交易、"名—形"冲突或"名—实"冲突的虚假交易,合同性质与交易定性分道扬镳,税法与私法呈现冲突与龃龉。实务中,交易定性应从行为和所得主体的"名—实"冲突或"形—实"冲突、"法律关系"和"交易定性"的协调与冲突、税收客体的"定性"与"定量"的决定关系中来把握,凸显税收活动的法律属性、交易定性与法律关系的辩证关系和税法追求实质正义的精神气质。     

有限合伙制私募股权基金的税法规制

蒙牛乳业是有限合伙制私募股权基金的一个经典案例。从蒙牛乳业有限合伙制PE的交易结构入手,研究其税务安排,发现现行有限合伙制PE税制在普通合伙人的附加收益的所得性质、回拨机制、亏损抵扣等问题上均存在税法歧视有限合伙的问题。同时,考察美国参众两院关于有限合伙制PE最新的税案,对有限合伙制PE持限制态度。因此,对于有限合伙制PE应在采取税法鼓励的同时,通过税法手段防止其成为资本圈钱的金融工具。     

Tax incentives for innovation: time to restructure the R&;E tax credit

The R&E tax credit has never been effective and subsequent attempts to restructure it have not addressed the major deficiencies. Moreover, in the 25 years since the R&E tax credit was enacted, a steadily increasing number of countries have implemented or expanded competing tax incentives, which in many cases are better structured and larger in size. As a result, the relative impact of the US credit is now negative in terms of incentives to conduct R&D within the domestic economy. The inadequacy of the credit stems largely from its small size and its incremental format. The impact of an R&D tax incentive is affected by its scope of coverage, the ability of industry to take advantage of it over the entire R&D cycle, the magnitude of the incentive relative to other nations’ tax policies, and its ease of implementation. In the end, a tax incentive must sufficiently lower the user’s cost of R&D to overcome barriers to allocation of private-sector resources commensurate with the potential rates of return on such investments. As a policy instrument, a tax incentive for R&D should be most effective if its form is a flat rate applied to all R&D.