民族地区法制现代化路径探析

民族地区法制现代化是民族地区的法制从传统走向现代的过程,是一次从价值观念、法律观念到伦理观念的更新和重塑.实践中,诸多因素制约着民族地区法制现代化的进程和实现,分析这些制约因素,并提出科学合理可行的措施是应有之义.     

新国家安全视野下边疆民族地区基层政权建设探析

改革开放以来,政治体制改革领域基层政权组织向简政放权减负的方向发展.边疆民族地区由于特殊的地理位置、自然环境、民族宗教以及落后的经济面貌,基层政权的作用与任务十分突出,同时自身的建设能力又非常薄弱.因此要对边疆民族地区基层政权建设的基础性、强化性和发展性等多方面进行审视,采取特别的政策措施进行强化建设.     

Racial Encroachment and the Formal Control of Space: Minority Group-Threat and Misdemeanor Arrests in Urban Communities

The study examined the minority group-threat hypothesis across a metropolitan setting to test whether (1) increases in black and Latino representation in communities were associated with increased misdemeanor arrests and (2) if increases in minority groups in historically white communities were associated with increased police arrests. The study argued that threat trigger variables should be measured in terms of difference scores and weighted by initial dominant group representation. The latter argument is informed by the defended neighborhood perspective and assesses the threat hypotheses in historically white communities. Using negative binomial regression modeling that adjusted for spatial autocorrelation, the study found that net of theoretical controls, increases in percent black population were associated with increased black misdemeanor arrests, but only in historically white census tracts. Increases in Latino representation were associated with increased minority misdemeanor arrests both across all tracts generally, as well as in historically majority white tracts.     

近代社会转型期少数民族社会风尚的变迁及特点——以民国东北地区少数民族为例

民国时期,东北地区少数民族由于与汉族杂居相处,渐染华风。社会风尚逐渐发生嬗变,主要表现在衣着、饮食、居住以及婚姻习俗、语言习俗等方面。其变迁呈现出新旧交替、多元共存的态势。     

论民族识别理论与少数民族高考优惠政策的制定

近几年来,有关少数民族高考优惠政策的议论很多,甚至有人对实施少数民族高考优惠政策的必要性产生了质疑。究其原因:一方面,是因为少数民族高考优惠政策本身存在不足;另一方面,是缺乏对少数民族高考优惠政策的必要宣传。从马克思主义民族识别理论的视角来看,实施少数民族高考优惠政策是非常必要的,这是因为不但少数民族的语言文化、风俗习惯和历史渊源影响了他们接受教育,而且少数民族生产方式和心理认同也影响他们接受教育。因此,在制定少数民族高考优惠政策时,应综合考虑民族识别理论所涉及的因素,这样才能使少数民族高考优惠政策更加科学、合理,才能为更多的人们所理解和接受。     

汶川地震后羌族非物质文化遗产保护——以“释比”和“释比文化”为例

汶川大地震之后,社会各界对羌族文化保护备加关注。释比是羌族传统文化的传承大师,也是羌族社会中口述文化传统的集大成者,释比和与之相关的释比文化成为灾后羌族文化保护和发展中极其核心的内容,释比和释比文化的保护、传承与发展对羌族人民的精神文化建设具有重要影响和价值,这是灾后文化重建,以及在今后的非物质文化遗产工作中尤其应当引起重视的事情。     

少数民族地区新农村建设中农民主体地位缺失与保障的思考——以广西宜州市S镇T村H屯为例

文章以一个壮族村落——广西宜州市S镇T村H屯的新农村建设为例,用社会学的相关理论分析当前新农村建设的状况,认为当前少数民族地区新农村建设中存在的核心问题在于农民的主体地位缺失,农民被动地参与新农村建设。因此,各级党委政府在指导新农村建设中要切实尊重农民的主体地位;进一步健全农村基层民主制度,特别是完善村民自治机制;努力培养和增强村民权利意识,建立农民利益表达的有效机制。     

湘西苗族习惯法及其演变

湘西苗族习惯法作为不同于国家制定法的另一种文化现象和知识传统,仍然在苗族社会中普遍存在。虽然其形式和内容均发生了较大发亮,但其至今仍然影响着苗族地区国家制定法的拟订和实施。所以只有深入了解了湘西苗族习惯法及其演变,才有可能在湘西苗族地区贯彻好＂以法治国＂和＂少数民族自治＂的基本国策。     

Electoral entry and success of ethnic minority parties in central and eastern Europe: A hierarchical selection model

The paper examines determinants of electoral entry and success of ethnic minority parties in central and eastern Europe. The application of a hierarchical selection model shows that the strategic entry of minority parties depends on their expected electoral success due both to observed and unobserved factors. Drawing on formal models of electoral entry, the electoral success of new (or niche) parties is expected to be influenced by the costs of entry (determined by electoral thresholds) and the potential for electoral support. The latter depends on the reactions of political competitors and electoral demand, measured here as the size of ethnic groups and the saliency of ethnic issues. In line with these expectations, parties only run if they can expect electoral support sufficient to pass the electoral threshold. This finding would have been overlooked by a naïve model of electoral success which does not take self-selection into account.     

Accuracy of Identifying Juvenile/Adult Status from Third Molar Development using Prediction Probabilities Derived from Logistic Regression Analysis

The use of third molars in predicting juvenile/adult status (</≥ 18 years) has important legal ramifications. Third molar development was assessed using Köhler's grading on 268 orthopantomograms of Indian subjects. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine allocation accuracy of juvenile/adult status and the level of probability that is “reliable” in predicting juvenile/adult status. Allocation accuracies ranged between 75.8% and 78.2% for the sexes combined, with minimal male‐female differences. Adults were categorized more accurately than juveniles, suggesting that Köhler's grading puts Indian juveniles at greater risk of unwarranted punishment. In both sexes, juvenile/adult status was “reliably” predicted when the probability was >80% using individual third molars (excepting the lower right third molar in males); combining upper and lower third molars on the left/right sides, “reliable” predictions were possible when the probability was >80% and >90% for females and males, respectively. Overall, “reliable” juvenile/adult status prediction was achieved in c. 36% of subjects.