湘西苗族习惯法及其演变

湘西苗族习惯法作为不同于国家制定法的另一种文化现象和知识传统,仍然在苗族社会中普遍存在。虽然其形式和内容均发生了较大发亮,但其至今仍然影响着苗族地区国家制定法的拟订和实施。所以只有深入了解了湘西苗族习惯法及其演变,才有可能在湘西苗族地区贯彻好＂以法治国＂和＂少数民族自治＂的基本国策。     

Electoral entry and success of ethnic minority parties in central and eastern Europe: A hierarchical selection model

The paper examines determinants of electoral entry and success of ethnic minority parties in central and eastern Europe. The application of a hierarchical selection model shows that the strategic entry of minority parties depends on their expected electoral success due both to observed and unobserved factors. Drawing on formal models of electoral entry, the electoral success of new (or niche) parties is expected to be influenced by the costs of entry (determined by electoral thresholds) and the potential for electoral support. The latter depends on the reactions of political competitors and electoral demand, measured here as the size of ethnic groups and the saliency of ethnic issues. In line with these expectations, parties only run if they can expect electoral support sufficient to pass the electoral threshold. This finding would have been overlooked by a naïve model of electoral success which does not take self-selection into account.