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51.
Preferential trade agreements are now the dominant trend in the international trading regime. Unlike earlier ‘first generation’ agreements, the new agreements became more comprehensive in their coverage, impinging on areas that are subject to subnational jurisdiction of federal systems. Given constitutionally-prescribed competences allocated to subnational governments, the diversity of interests and sensitivities of subnational entities bring deeply entrenched regulatory practices under scrutiny. Few studies have focused on whether the combination of economic liberalization and political fragmentation will push federal and sub-federal entities to address domestic market fragmentation. We examine whether international market liberalization fosters domestic regulatory and structural reforms to cross-border barriers to trade in Canada and the United States. We show that while the political incentives and functional pressures generated by free trade agreements have fostered attempts at addressing internal market restrictions in Canada, the US has not followed the same path due to weaker mechanisms of intergovernmental coordination. 相似文献
52.
ROBERT COLLS 《The Political quarterly》2011,82(4):574-595
The Lion and the Eunuch challenges the failures of British politicians to adequately understand the complexities, and the subtleties, of British national identity, and goes on to define it for them. It also explains reasons for our current confusions over who we are in the world. In 1940 Orwell wrote The Lion and the Unicorn as a rallying cry for a richly identifying country that was still able to imagine itself, and re‐imagine itself, as the need arose. This essay suggests that without a radical change of government policy and thought, that power will continue to decline with far reaching consequences for the peoples of these islands. 相似文献
53.
Markus Lederer 《Regulation & Governance》2012,6(4):524-544
Proponents as well as critics of carbon trading underestimate the institutional and political underpinnings of evolving carbon markets. Based on institutionalist approaches, this paper argues that the strong embeddedness of carbon markets explains why certain characteristics (positive and negative) materialize. Focusing on the actors who initiate and who influence carbon markets, this article also shows that currently only states and intergovernmental agreements provide the necessary regulation for carbon markets to exist and to work. Today, neither market actors nor NGOs nor public private partnerships have the political power to set up, regulate or capture evolving market structures. Thus, whether or not market‐based instruments bring about the desired results depends on good public regulation, which is – at least up to now – represented by the state. Four instances of the commodification of carbon serve as illustrations: the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS); the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); the voluntary market; and new sectoral approaches, particularly Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+). 相似文献
54.
《当代亚洲杂志》2012,42(3):447-463
Abstract This article analyses emerging approaches by donors to risk management, focusing on the case of the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). It suggests that AusAID's understanding and management of risk are expressions of particular political and social interests and, subsequently, that its approach to risk management is inherently political in nature. While AusAID's policies and guidelines on risk management identify a wide range of risks as being relevant to the agency's work – including risks to poverty reduction and sustainable development – in practice it has focused on managing risks to the building of neo-liberal markets, both within Australia and in developing countries, and the Australian government's foreign policy objectives. To illustrate these points, we present an analysis of AusAID's approach to risk management in a major economic governance project, the Philippines-Australia Partnership for Economic Governance Reforms. We conclude by indicating ways in which donor approaches to risk management can be revised to give greater attention to the needs of the poor and civil society, while acknowledging that such revisions may be contingent upon prior changes in the structure of power and interest and/or institutional characteristics of aid policy-making processes in donor countries. 相似文献
55.
Jan Douwe van der Ploeg Ye Jingzhong Sergio Schneider 《The Journal of peasant studies》2013,40(1):133-173
This article discusses and compares the rural development processes and practices currently occurring in China, Brazil and the European Union. Although these are strongly rooted in the specificities of time and space, they also share important commonalities. We argue that rural development can be viewed as an evolving set of responses to market failures. A key element of these responses is that they are unfolding through the construction of new markets: a seemingly contradictory phenomenon that has, as yet, hardly been scrutinized or theoretically elaborated. We describe these newly emerging markets as ‘nested markets’ and support our argument with a careful reconsideration of the dynamics of long-established nested markets. We then extend this analysis, firstly, by arguing that the construction of such new markets occurs through a process of social struggle and, secondly, by exploring the strength of these newly emerging constellations in relation to the hegemony exerted by food empires. Our analysis puts common-pool resources, which underlie these new, nested markets, centre stage. 相似文献
56.
Nicholas Corsaro Eleazer D. Hunt Natalie Kroovand Hipple Edmund F. McGarrell 《犯罪学与公共政策》2012,11(2):165-166
Research Summary Pulling levers policing draws upon the focused deterrence framework, which has shown considerable promise when directed at youth, gun, and gang offenders. However, much less is known about the viability of pulling levers when applied to different contexts as well as to diverse groups of offenders. We examine the High Point (North Carolina) Drug Market Intervention (DMI), the first site to use pulling levers as a place-based policing approach to disrupt a series of open-air drug markets across the city. Eleven years of longitudinal data are analyzed by using difference-in-difference panel regression analyses combined with finite mixture estimation as a means to test for divergence in violent crime patterns. Several key, although inconsistent, findings are presented. First, we found a statistically significant reduction in violent offenses in specific high-crime places (i.e., high-trajectory census blocks) located across the different targeted neighborhoods compared with the remainder of High Point, and relative to comparable nontargeted areas. Second, the citywide violent crime rate actually increased after a series of interventions unfolded, which may suggest limitations with the approach. Finally, trend analyses indicated the strategy had different levels of violent crime impact throughout unique geographic contexts. Policy Implications Rather than arresting every offender identified as having participated in illicit drug trafficking across various geographic contexts within the city, officials in High Point decided to invite low-risk drug offenders to community notification sessions in order to change their perceived risk of punishment as well as to mobilize community members across the different targeted neighborhoods. The suggestive evidence of potential, although limited, violent crime impact illustrates that this type of policing strategy may hold considerable promise. This interpretation gains credence when considered with prior evaluations of the DMI approach that illustrated the potential for reducing drug-related crime and in light of reports of improved police–community relations. The inconsistent findings across all locations and the overall city increase in violent crime toward the end of the study period, however, raise several concerns when interpreting study results. Additionally, our findings suggest that further replications should include systematic problem-identification, process measures, and more precise research designs. 相似文献
57.
This paper exhibits tests of the random walk hypothesis and market efficiency for seven Asian emerging markets as a result
of the influence of financial market integration. Random walk properties of equity prices influence the return dynamic and
determine the trade strategies of investors. To examine the stochastic properties of local index returns and to test the hypothesis
that stock market prices follow a random walk, the single variance ratio tests of Lo and MacKinlay, as well as the multiple
variance ratio test of Chow and Denning are employed. The multiple statistical comparison of variance ratios is based on the
Studentized Maximum Modulus distribution with control of the joint-test’s size. The weak-form market efficiency is also tested
directly, using a nonparametric runs test. These tests are particularly useful for investigating stock prices the returns
of which are frequently not distributed normally. Documented evidence shows that, from the perspective of local investors,
weekly stock prices in major Asian emerging markets do not follow a random walk in the pre-liberalization period. However,
in the post-liberalization period the weak-form efficiency hypothesis is generally adopted at the 5% level except for the
smaller stock markets of Indonesia and Thailand. These empirical findings suggest that financial integration affects the return
predictability in such a way that domestic investors might not be able to develop trading strategies allowing them to earn
abnormal returns. 相似文献
58.
Comparative Study of Domestic and Foreign Bank Performance in Thailand: The Regression Analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper studies the performance of domestic and foreign banks in Thailand in terms of profitability and other characteristics
after the East Asian financial crisis. The study is based on a micro bank-level panel data on financial statements by pooling
cross-bank time-series data with the major balance sheet and income statement ratios for domestic and foreign banks in Thailand
for 1995–2000. All banks were found to have reduced their credit exposure during the crisis years, and to have gradually improved
their profitability during the post-crisis years. The results indicate that foreign bank profitability is higher than the
average profitability of the domestic banks although importantly, in the post-crisis period, the gap between foreign and domestic
profitability become closer. This shows some positive results of the financial restructuring program.
Saovanee Chantapong (Ms) currently works as a senior economist at the Office of Macroeconomic Policy and Analysis. She received
her ph.D. in Economics from the Faculty of Economics and Management at the University of Hannover (Germany) in 2005. Paper
submitted to the International West-East Conference 2003: Accounting and Finance in Transition: European and Asian Experiences
and Public Policy Considerations, London, 10–12 July 2003. This paper is a revised version of the Kiel Advanced Studies Working
paper (May 2002) which was written when the author participated in Advanced Studies Programme (ASP) at the Kiel Institute
for World Economics (IFW), Germany. The author is greatly indebted to Dr. Ralph Heinrich, her discussant and Dr. Claudia M.
Buch for their valuable comments. The author would like to thank Bussaracum Petchclai and Augsupalee Watcharakiet, her colleagues
at the Bank of Thailand for their great help. The paper has benefited from very helpful comments from Felix Hammermann, Om
Prakash Mall and Paula Jaramillo. The author is also grateful to Prof. Dr. Lukas Menkhoff, Chair, the Institute of Monetary
Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Hannover. The views expressed in this paper are entirely those
of the author only and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank of Thailand. Remaining errors are under the author’s responsibilities. 相似文献
59.
NIAMH HARDIMAN 《The Political quarterly》2005,76(1):37-47
Ireland's rate of growth and employment creation during the 1990s far outstripped economic performance in the rest of the OECD. Competing explanations are available in accounting for these outcomes, one stressing the primacy of the market, the other focusing on political choice. A case is made for the importance of politics, particularly the successful strategic adaptation to the challenges and opportunities afforded by the completion of the Single European Market during the 1990s. Ireland, as a small open economy, needs to combine effective external adjustment with appropriate domestic adjustment policies. Two policy areas are chosen for particular attention: industrial development strategy, and social partnership arrangements. This experience has implications beyond the Irish case, as the new central European and Baltic EU member states face similar challenges of policy adaptation. 相似文献
60.
建立社保基金投资管理体系的战略思考 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
我国社保基金的投资管理一直处于十分混乱状态:沉淀于地方省市的1600多亿缴费余额统账混用,没有统一的投资管理策略,回报率低下,存在巨大的金融风险;“全国社保基金”投资策略不尽合理;中央政府不得不额外每年财政转移予以专项补助。将上述三块资源统筹考虑,提出将账户基金、统筹基金、储备基金分离出来,为其设计了不同的投资策略与制度:账户基金应实施完全的资本市场的投资;储备基金应完全走向国际资本市场;统筹基金增值保值问题是个世界性难题,提出应首先完成省级统筹,实行“三离开”的投资原则,并首次提出须避免和谨防“东亚化”的投资倾向,吸取东亚的教训,应为其设立三个投资管理体系。为配合上述投资体系的建立,提出了调整社保缴费比例的设想,认为这个基本框架既符合国际惯例,又符合具体国情,具有中国特色;既有制度创新,又为未来诸如地方开放地方债市等发展留下了空间;既保持了职工收入替代率没有降低,又增强了社保制度的财政可持续性;同时还减轻了国家的财政负担。 相似文献