Afrocultural Integrity and the Social Development of African-American Children

SUMMARY

In this paper the role of culture in the social development of African-American youth was explored, and an Afrocultural social ethos was advanced as a concept for investigating the social functioning. Study 1 found no significant gender differences on the social ethos variable in third and sixth graders (47 boys, 43 girls) ratings of self, family or friends. However, boys reported more delinquent behaviors than did girls, and friend's social ethos was predictive of fewer aggressive and delinquent behaviors. Although no significant gender differences on social ethos emerged among the sixth and seventh graders (54 boys, 47 girls) in Study 2, family ethos was predictive of empathic concern while the ethos of friends predicted greater perspective taking. Gender was the only significant predictor of peer-rated helping behavior, with girls judged to demonstrate such behaviors more than boys. Discussion focused on directions for basic and applied research, with an emphasis on African-American men and the importance of mobilizing indigenous community resources.     

平台经济领域的反垄断法实施 以经济效率目标为出发点

在平台经济领域,欧盟和美国反垄断法实施力度有很大差异,中国也明显呈现出两个阶段。这种差异需要解释,而经济效率目标构成了理解的出发点。通过福利标准,经济效率目标建立了统一、确定的分析框架。但这一分析框架也受到诸多因素的约束,并面临平台经济的挑战。《反垄断法》虽然明确了经济效率目标,但没有清晰的福利标准。当前对平台企业的高强度执法,更多是追求非经济效率目标的结果。作为多目标法律,非经济效率目标使得《反垄断法》更具现实回应性。不过,要实现更好的实施效果,仍需要完善的反垄断法制度,并在个案中进行更充分地说理。     

香港刑事执行工作概览

香港的刑事执行工作致力于促进罪犯复归社会,强调“以人为本”、“社区为本”的理念。惩教署是香港监狱工作的主管机关。社会福利署负责社区矫正项目的执行。善导会等民间组织在香港罪犯矫正事业中发挥着重要作用。     

关税递减的福利效应及其实证分析——CEPA货物贸易零关税的一种验证

随着区域经济合作的不断加强,有关区域关税递减的福利影响日益受到关注.以中国CEPA货物贸易零关税制度的实施为研究对象,考虑在一定的假设条件下,忽略贸易转移,而供给曲线向上倾斜的情况,从理论上分析关税壁垒消除带来的福利效应,并从实证上对其验证.首先从关税损失和增值税创造角度分析税收收入所受的影响;其次引入数量指数和价格指数,计算各部分的损失和收益,近似给出福利影响的数量值.测算结果更直观的表明零关税制度导致了内地税收的损失和福利损失,但相对整体进口情况来看,其影响非常有限;但部分行业的港产品进口的增长带来的冲击需要进一步关注.这些直观的量化结果可以为区域再进一步建立自由贸易区提供参考,可以为产业结构的调整和优化提供依据.     

论男权意识视野中的婚姻爱情观——《聊斋志异》之女性形象

蒲松龄的<聊斋志异>为世人塑造了仪态万方的女子形象,她们较之以前的女性形象表现出了难能可贵的进步性,其自我意识空前萌动;然而,在封建社会以男性为中心的生存秩序中,这些女性依然是以男性视角为活动轴心,依然背负着封建传统礼教的精神轭套,璀璨夺目的女性光环之下依然晃动着男权意识的精神锁链.<聊斋志异>中的婚姻爱情观,体现的仍是封建礼教下的男权意识.     

‘Supportive Parenting’, Responsibility and Regulation: The Welfare Assessment under the Reformed Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990)

Section 13(5) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 requires fertility clinics, before offering regulated treatment services, to take account of the welfare of any child who may be born as a result of the treatment and any other child affected by that birth. This paper presents the findings of an empirical study examining the impact on practice of the controversial reform of this section in 2008. While the broad values underpinning section 13(5) appear well embedded in clinic staff's engagement with ethical issues, there is little evidence that practice has been influenced by the 2008 amendments. A complex picture emerged regarding the implementation of section 13(5), particularly in its interaction with other factors, such as funding criteria and professional norms around counselling, implying a higher level of ongoing attention to likely parenting ability – particularly that of single women – than might be expected from a reading of the statute and guidance alone.     

Electoral competition and the welfare state

The article investigates how parties compete over the welfare state by emphasising specific welfare state issues. The core argument is that two issue-specific factors determine how much parties emphasise individual welfare state issues: the character of policy problems related to the policy issues and the type of social risks involved. To test the argument, a new large-N dataset is employed, with election manifestos from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The dataset contains information on how much parties have talked about health care, education, and labour market protection in national elections since 1980. With the data at hand, it is possible to provide the first systematic investigation of how parties compete for votes over the welfare state. The approach here is able to explain the empirical fact that health care is consistently receiving increased attention everywhere, while particularly labour market protection has witnessed a decline in attention.     

家庭、国家与儿童福利供给

儿童抚育事务在传统上主要由家庭承担。工业革命之后,西方国家才开始系统关注并发展儿童社会福利,为抚育儿童的父母提供制度化的国家支持,并对父母亲权的实践进行国家监督。尽管不同的儿童社会福利理论对于如何界定家庭与国家在儿童抚育与儿童福利供给过程中的关系模式存有分歧,但是,关注得不到家庭适当抚育的儿童的福利,并为其提供必要的福利服务,已经成为现代国家的共识。鉴于我国传统的以家庭为主的儿童抚育模式出现失灵,积极发展选择性的儿童福利服务具有其充分的合理性。     

公共支出效率评价——带非自主决定输入的两阶段数据包络模型

公共支出的效率评价是政府进行有效公共支出管理的基础,正确评价公共支出效率也是各国政府需要研究和解决的问题.经济学是通过比较公共支出前后的社会福利变化来衡量公共支出效率的,然而,社会福利是由公共支出与私人支出共同决定的,而且公共支出的增加是有机会成本的.因此,我们不能通过忽略私人支出,而单独分析公共支出对社会福利的影响的方式来衡量公共支出的效率.同时,各种原因共同导致政府通过公共支出提供的公共产品组合往往与社会公众的实际需求不一致.本文尝试在分析公共支出的效率时,把私人支出也纳入分析的范畴,同时提出了一种方法--带非自主决定输入的两阶段数据包络模型,试图解决在政府与公众偏好不一致情况下的公共支出的效率评价问题,并按照中国的数据进行了实证检验.     

康租房供给摸式再造——基于合同外包与凭单制的契合

当前廉租房供给不足问题凸显，政府无力建设充足的廉租房提供给城市低收入住房困难家庭，根源在于廉租房供给中政府角色错位，扮演了直接生产者的角色。应契合合同外包与凭单制两种市场化工具，由政府通过竞争性投标引入若干房地产商进行廉租房建设，而后由城市低收入住房困难家庭使用政府发放的凭单自由选择任一承包商建设的廉租房，从而实现资金有限条件下廉租房建设成本的优化，获取效用最大化，再造廉租房的供给模式。