马克思主义关于东方落后国家吸收西方文明成果的理论

"马克思主义东方学"认为,俄国和东方其他国家跨越资本主义的"卡夫丁峡谷",或者说顺利地展开社会主义建设的重要前提之一是吸收西方的文明成果;在无产阶级掌握政权的东方落后国家,为了提高生产力水平,发展国民经济,必须吸收西方文明成果.吸收西方文明成果的方法和途径是:学习和借鉴西方管理生产的方式;学习和利用西方先进的科学技术;学习和借鉴西方国家政治生活中积极的方面.     

DO PARENTS MATTER IN CREATING SELF‐CONTROL IN THEIR CHILDREN? A GENETICALLY INFORMED TEST OF GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI'S THEORY OF LOW SELF‐CONTROL*

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990) has generated an abundance of research testing the proposition that low self‐control is the main cause of crime and analogous behaviors. Less empirical work, however, has examined the factors that give rise to low self‐control. Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that parents are the sole contributors for either fostering or thwarting low self‐control in their children, explicitly discounting the possibility that genetics may play a key role. Yet genetic research has shown that ADHD and other deficits in the frontostriatal system are highly heritable. Our research thus tests whether “parents matter” in creating low self‐control once genetic influences are taken into account. Using a sample of twin children we find that parenting measures have a weak and inconsistent effect. We address the conceptual and methodological issues associated with the failure to address genetic influences in parenting studies.     

社会控制弱化与证券违法犯罪

社会控制与犯罪现象有密切联系。从社会控制的角度看,道德水平的滑坡、错误舆论的影响、不良习惯的存在、司法环节的乏力等社会控制功能淡化因素是我国证券违法犯罪行为得以发生的社会现实条件。要从更广阔的视野来考虑如何建构对证券犯罪的防范体系。     

反思司法潜规则

司法潜规则是指在司法机关内部通行或者认可的但未向外界公布的办案规则与程序。具体表现为自由裁量权过大;无原则的量刑迁就;侵犯人权的诉讼拖延;变相放人的监外执行等等。其产生的原因是,长期以来对程序正义的忽视;转型时期司法权力的异化;程序缺乏公开性和透明性。今天的司法正义是潜规则下被扭曲了的正义,要改变这一现状,必须要树立司法权威,加强程序法制;加强司法监督和权力制约;加强司法的公开度和透明度。     

Blaming the victim: Belief in control or belief in justice?

The attribution of responsibility to victims of bad fate (“blaming the victim”) is discussed under the perspective of Just World Theory (Lerner, 1980) and the Defensive Attribution Hypothesis (Walster, 1966; Shaver, 1970). Whereas Just World Theory suggests that the belief in a just world is the decisive motive of increased attributions of responsibility, the Defensive Attribution Hypothesis assumes that these attributions are motivated by the need to believe in internal locus of control. Research evidence shows both motives as conceptually linked and empirically correlated. The central question is whether belief in a just world and belief in internal control are facets of the same latent variable or empirically distinguishable constructs, and whether they contribute independently to attributions of responsibility and blame to victims of misfortune. Results of a questionnaire study assessing opinions about cancer and cancer victims are reported. There is evidence from factor analyses that the two motives are indeed distinguishable constructs. The correlation patterns and the results of multiple regression analyses show that both motives are meaningfully related to attributions of responsibility. Moreover, it is suggested that belief in a just world is not a homogeneous construct. Belief in immanent justice according to which present misfortune is seen as a consequence of prior faults and sins is differentiated from belief in ultimate justice according to which one can be sure that present misfortune will be compensated in the long run. Whereas belief in immanent justice is the most important predictor for attributions of responsibility, the suggested emotional consequences of such attributions, like belief in invulnerability or confidence in coping, can be predicted by belief in internal control and belief in ultimate justice. Finally, suggestions are made to extend Just World Theory to clarify the function of justice motives in the person's search for meaning in his or her life.     

西方自由主义的两种政治传统

自由主义是西方国家的主流政治思潮。自由主义源于西方两种政治传统,即英美政治传统和欧洲大陆政治传统。两种政治传统尽管都形成于资产阶级革命时期,但无论是在理论内容上还是在政治形态上,二者都存在着显著的差异。自由主义的发展演变,始终体现着两种政治传统的精髓。两种政治传统在历史长河中显现的对立与融合,不仅促进了自由主义政治思想的发展,也在此基础上影响并形成了政治制度架构的理论。     

Guns,Southernness, and gun control

Southerners have been found to have higher levels of gun ownership than persons who reside elsewhere. This may be due to cultural factors peculiar to the Southern region. If so, this would have interesting implications for gun control initiatives. Although the differential in gun ownership has been linked to varying support or opposition to gun control, the relationship between this variable and specific types of gun control has not been examined. With this in mind, we investigate how specific types of gun ownership interact with Southernness, controlling for the effects of other variables, to determine preferences for three different types of gun control. We use 1975 data collected by DMI on a stratified random sample of 1538 noninstitutionalized adults in the United States. An analysis of several logistic regression equations indicates that a cultural component, related to Southernness, affects attitudes toward gun control. Southerners, in general, were the most opposed to permits and handgun bans. Southern shotgun owners, in particular, were found to be the most opposed to gun registration. These findings point to the need to consider region, culture, and gun type when addressing the issue of gun control.We would be happy to supply the interested reader with an electronic copy of the data set.     

Interlaboratory comparison of quantitative determinations of drug in hair samples

Testing human hair for drugs of abuse is a relatively new technique which requires control before being fully accepted in Justice applications. A consensus procedure was recently proposed to the four French Laboratories performing hair analysis for opiates and cocaine. Results of two independent controls have shown that the laboratories have performed very well quantitatively, using the recommended method. In order to compare these results with those obtained by other procedures, one sample was sent to 15 laboratories concerned with the analysis of human hair for drugs of abuse in Germany, Italy, Spain, and United States. Results from this study have indicated that the French recommended method is in accordance with the general procedures.     

专家的局限性及其控制——政府决策咨询视角

政府公共事务决策要广泛听取专家的意见和建议,这对决策的科学化、民主化起着重要作用.由于专家也存在着局限性,对此各级政府决策机构必须引起足够的重视.本文试图通过对专家局限性问题分析,探索关于如何克服专家局限性的有效对策,以便为政府公共事务管理决策提供参考.     

高等教育成本核算模式探析

健全教育成本核算已成为高等学校办学之急需。界定教育成本的概念,结合实际完善教育成本核算模式,有助于提高管理水平和透明度,提高办学效益。