Spleen and portal lymphnode pathology in fatal drug addiction

Spleen and portal lymphnode sections from 86 drug addicts submitted for medico-legal autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Copenhagen in the year 1979 were studied together with tissue sections from 24 "normal" persons. In 70% of the drug addicts the spleen weight was more than 200 g, and in 71% portal lymphnode hyperplasia was found. Birefringent foreign material was found in spleen tissue of drug addicts in 72% and in portal lymphnode tissue in 44%. Signs of antigen stimulation in both spleen and portal lymphnode tissue evaluated by the number of germinal centre and plasma cells were found in more than 80% of the drug addicts compared with about 20% of the "normal" persons. The results were related to anamnestic information of duration of drug abuse, to the spleen weight, to the occurrence of birefringent material and to the liver changes. Examination of lysozyme and immunoglobulin containing cells using the indirect preoxidase technique was performed in a total of 72 cases of spleen tissue, 59 cases of portal lymphnode tissue from drug addicts, 24 cases of spleen tissue and 18 of portal lymphnode tissue from "normal" persons. Lysozyme, IgM and IgG containing cells were found significantly more often among drug addicts than "normal" persons. The results indicate that the splenomegalia and the portal lymphnode hyperplasia often found in drug addicts are caused by continuous antigen stimulation due to repeated injections of various antigens.     

强制性戒毒措施的实施现状及其改革

《中华人民共和国禁毒法》废除了传统的强制戒毒和劳教戒毒,重新确立了由强制隔离戒毒、社区戒毒和社区康复等三种新的戒毒措施构成的强制性戒毒体系。该法近五年的运作实践表明,这三种戒毒措施的实施效果违背了立法者的初衷,“宜粗不宜细”的立法模式所造成的弊端也逐渐开始显现。我国应该明确“社区为主、隔离为辅”的强制性戒毒措施体系,同时对强制隔离戒毒和社区戒毒进行制度性完善。     

Postmortem Blood Concentrations of R‐ and S‐Enantiomers of Methadone and EDDP in Drug Users: Influence of Co‐Medication and P‐glycoprotein Genotype

Abstract: We investigated toxicological and pharmacogenetic factors that could influence methadone toxicity using postmortem samples. R‐ and S‐methadone were measured in femoral blood from 90 postmortem cases, mainly drug users. The R‐enantiomer concentrations significantly exceeded that of the S‐enantiomers (Wilcoxon’s test, p < 0.001). The samples were divided into four groups according to other drugs detected (methadone only, methadone and strong analgesics, methadone and benzodiazepines, or methadone and other drugs). There was no significant difference in any of the R‐methadone/total methadone ratios among the four groups. The median R/S ratio was 1.38, which tends to be higher than that reported for the plasma of living subjects. In addition, we investigated whether small nucleotide polymorphisms in the MDR1 gene that encode the drug transporter P‐glycoprotein were associated with the concentrations of R‐ and S‐methadone and its metabolite 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine. No significant association was detected.     

关于天津市地方禁毒立法的探索

二十世纪八十年代后,毒品在中国又开始死灰复燃。针对日益严重的毒品违法犯罪,国家制定了一系列法律法规,在禁毒斗争中发挥了巨大作用。但是,由于毒品问题的特殊性和我国国情,仅全国统一禁毒立法还不够,尚需地方立法的细化和补充。本文根据对天津毒品问题的分析和对其他省、市、自治区已有地方禁毒立法的研究比较,指出了制定天津地方禁毒立法的必要性,提出了天津禁毒条例的体系设想,力求为天津的禁毒立法提供某些启示和借鉴,推动我市地方禁毒立法进程。     

青少年网瘾浅探

随着信息时代的到来,互联网正在改变着人类传统的生产方式、工作方式、生活方式和思维方式。它如同一把“双刃剑”,带来积极影响的同时,也带来了负面影响,尤其对青少年负面影响很大。目前青少年网瘾已成为一个不容忽视的社会问题,它严重影响到青少年的健康成长,应采取防治青少年网络成瘾的基本对策。     

The criminality of female narcotics addicts: A causal modeling approach

A longitudinal model was developed relating early deviance, narcotics use, and three types of income-generating crime (property crime, drug dealing, and prostitution) among female narcotics addicts during the first 2 years of the addiction career. The model was tested by a confirmatory structural equation analysis. Early deviance predicted subsequent property crime involvement. Stability across time was demonstrated for narcotics use, property crime, and drug dealing. Strong contemporaneous relationships among these constructs were found. These findings partially replicate patterns found in previous studies for male addicts. In contrast to male addicts, a positive, instead of negative, contemporaneous relationship was found between property crime and drug dealing activities. Between constructs, cross-lag effects were generally small and only that between property crime and later narcotics use was significant. Finally, prostitution was failed to be incorporated in the model. Further research is needed to elucidate the diverse economic support systems among women which may affect the drug-crime relationship.     

Modeling the longitudinal impact of legal sanctions on narcotics use and property crime

Structural equation models are used to confirm the suppressive effects of legal sanctions, e.g., probation and parole, on narcotics use and property crime. Both concurrent and longitudinal effects of legal sanctions are tested within two different models, which together span the entire addiction career. The findings indicate that (1) the suppressive effects of legal sanctions are evident only when legal sanctions are operationalized as parole or probation officer contact where urine monitoring is utilized; (2) only concurrent suppressive effects are statistically significant, and longitudinal suppressive effects are not; (3) both narcotics use and property crime are suppressed by legal sanctions, although the latter is less responsive than the former to intervention by the criminal justice system; and (4) suppressive effects tend to be more pronounced later in the addiction career. The significance of the findings and the implications for criminological theory related to issues regarding surveillance effects are emphasized.     

构建青少年网络成瘾的综合预防体系

网络技术发展速度之快超出人们的预料,青少年的网络成瘾也日益成为家庭、学校和社会关注的热点问题,预防青少年网络成瘾首先要着力提高青少年自身控制能力,其次要联合家庭、学校和社会,共同关注青少年网络成瘾问题,实施科学有效的预防。     

大学生网络成瘾与社交焦虑关系的调查研究

选取山东省两所高校共438名大学生为被试,采用问卷法考察社交焦虑和网络成瘾在大学生群体中的表现特点及两者之间的关系。研究发现：（1）性别和专业对大学生网络成瘾的主效应显著,且年级和专业的交互作用显著;（2）年级和专业对大学生社交焦虑的主效应显著;（3）大学生社交焦虑与网络成瘾之间存在高度正相关。     

谈新疆少数民族吸食大麻人员焦虑心理的自我矫正

新疆消费大麻具有悠久的历史。由于大麻对各类疾病的治疗有明显的疗效,且吸食麻烟易戒断,因此,尽管不少人认识到吸食大麻成瘾会罹患精神疾病,但大麻还是在新疆少数民族百姓生活中使用较频繁。近几年来发现吸食大麻的少数民族人群中出现焦虑症状较突出,他们会经常无缘无故的、没有明确对象和内容的焦急、紧张、恐惧和不安,经常感觉到威胁即将来临,但又说不出究竟存在何种威胁或危险。中外研究成果表明吸食大麻易导致精神异常。对此类人群自身应采取增强自信、自我刺激、自我放松、自我脱敏、自我催眠、自我放松等自救措施,以通过自我矫正改变因吸食大麻而形成的焦虑心理。