2008年《空战和导弹战国际人道法手册》草案亟待解决的几个问题

由美国哈佛大学"人道主义政策与冲突研究"项目负责起草的《空战和导弹战国际人道法手册》形成了第三个版本即2008年1月草案及评注,并着手与美国、中国、法国、比利时、俄罗斯、英国等国家的作战、武器和法律专家进行"双边/地区磋商",以增强"手册"的现实性和适用性。磋商中,专家们发现"手册"草案存在不少问题:如"手册"草案"定位不准";一些原则性问题未能解决好,如习惯规则、创新与重述之间的关系等;一些"立法"技术问题遗漏较多,如某些重要概念内涵的变化、援引文献的权威性等,"手册"是否适用于"非国际性武装冲突"和"外层空间军事活动",以及对"平民直接/实际参加敌对行动"的判定标准等重要问题,有待专家组进一步研究解决。     

试论国际航空承运人对旅客的赔偿制度及我国立法对策

1929年以来,世界各国在民用航空领域相继达成了一系列国际条约或协定,其中以1929年华沙公约为主轴,因此,这一系列条约所形成的国际航空承运人赔偿制度,被国际民航界称之为“华沙体系”。2003年正式生效的1999年蒙特利尔公约对“华沙体系”进行了修改,形成了新的国际承运人责任赔偿制度,我国应当与蒙特利尔公约接轨,进一步完善有关的国内立法。     

Suicide by Intentional Air embolism

Venous air embolism occurs when air enters the venous system. The main causes of venous air embolism include medical procedures, neck and head trauma, and injuries of the genitals. Self‐induced suicidal (and intentional) air embolism is extremely rare. The authors report a rare case of a suicidal air embolism committed using a self‐made tool composed of a plastic bottle and an infusion set, injecting nearly 2000 mL of air into the cubital vein. The toxicological analysis suggested that midazolam, together with air, was also injected into the circulation using the same bottle and infusion set.     

Border formations: security and subjectivity at the border

This paper offers a normative argument for reconfiguring borders that rests on a critique of intersecting logics bearing on security, incorporation, agency, subjectivity, encounter, and citizenship. Especially important to my critique is the mutually reinforcing relationship between border security and prevalent assimilationist and integrationist forms of incorporation associated with the dominant single-citizenship model. I offer instead an alternative framing of incorporation I call enfoldment, which is anchored in the contingent and negotiated agency and subjectivity of mobile persons and a multiversal understanding of societies. As I argue, one avenue for opening the possibilities of migrant agency and subjectivity is via what I term ‘mediated passage’. It entails shielding migrants and travellers from the direct control of movement by states at borders, allowing for passage across borders mediated by civil society organizations possessing independent power and authority.     

航空器上法律事实与行为法律适用问题比较研究

航空法是一个复杂的法律部门,既包括公法又包括私法,既包括国际法又包括国内法.航空器高速飞行和跨界运输的特点,加之各国航空运输领域民事责任立法之间的歧异,不免引发国际航空运输有关法律关系的法律冲突.华沙公约体系也只是在有限的范围内仅仅调整航空运输责任,大量案件的处理需要由冲突规范指引.受海商法的影响,航空法中的国旗国法原则逐渐被各国实践及公约所接受,但是,与船舶主要航行在无主权存在的海域航行不同,飞机主要在主权国家的上空,所以航空器上的事实与行为能在多大范围内适用国旗国法原则是一个亟待解决的问题.主要从国际私法层面对航空器上发生的事实与行为的法律适用规则中的国旗国法原则及例外作初步探讨.     

The effect of compressed air foam on the detection of hydrocarbon fuels in fire debris samples

In 1998/99 the New Zealand Fire Service implemented compressed air foam delivery systems for the suppression of fires in rural areas. This study investigated whether the introduction of the foam to the seat of the fire created any problems in subsequent analyses of fire debris samples. No significant interferences from the foam were found when the samples were analysed by direct headspace using activated carbon strips. The only foam component detected was limonene.     

A history of drones: moral(e) bombing and state terrorism

This article argues that an historical investigation of air power makes possible the critique of current regimes of drone surveillance and bombing as a practice of state terrorism. By identifying certain key themes regularly used in terrorism studies for the classification of violence as “terrorism”, this article shows that early air power theorists understood military aircraft as essentially instruments of terrorism. A central argument permeating these theorists’ conception of air power was that the military value of aviation lay in its capacity to target the enemy’s population and, by means of bombing, generate a significant “moral effect” – that is, a psychological effect against the morale of civilians. This strategic formula constituted a central component of British air control schemes during the interwar period, where terror bombing was deployed systematically in order to control and pacify colonial populations. In arguing that widespread and long-lasting terror remains an inalienable feature of air power, this article concludes with a call for a critique that accounts for the fact that current deployments of armed drones – for instance, the US “targeted killings” programme – effectively reproduce these historical and material conditions of terrorist violence.     

Why Place Really Matters: A Qualitative Approach to Housing Preferences and Neighborhood Effects

The idea that a person’s neighborhood or zip code can predict his or her life outcomes has motivated a host of housing policies aimed at redressing racial segregation and breaking up areas of concentrated poverty. This article critically examines underlying assumptions about high-poverty neighborhoods that motivate those policies. Using ethnographic methods, I present the location preferences of residents living in a low-income neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio, and show the ways in which their perceptions of their neighborhood run counter to common portrayals. This analysis provides clues as to why the underlying logic of dispersal and mobility may be flawed. I conclude that place matters very much to people living in this neighborhood, just not in the way commonly implied by dispersal and mobility policy advocates. The implication is that stability, rather than mobility, ought to be the focus of more housing discussions.     

Crossing borders in North America after 9/11: ‘regular’ travellers’ narratives of securitisations and contestations

This article is part of a larger project on ordinary border crossings and state practices in North America. The changing border governmentalities in the region focusing on securitising their borders against potential terrorist threats and the increased emphasis on the managing of population flows have led to a reduced mobility for certain travellers as opposed to others. The construction of potentially safe and ‘un-safe’ subjects through profiling on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, religion and socioeconomic background and the increasing use of biometrics have impacted upon travellers’ mobilities. In the North American context, the Mexican state has undergone significant modernisation in terms of its border control capacities, thus enhancing not only its capacity as a buffer state, but also its performative sovereignty, and is therefore an interesting case to study. This article aims to analyse how these transformations in border governmentalities have affected the mobility of ‘ordinary’ travellers, and how they have developed coping strategies and resistances towards the potential curbing of their respective mobilities.     

中国公众的获得感——指标构建、时空变迁和宏观机制

利用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)城乡居民十年近8万人的大样本,以个人幸福感、阶层流动感和阶层自我定位三大指标为外显变量,通过潜类分析方法构建起群众获得感的HMS模型和五级指标。结合省级统计年鉴数据,以动态面板模型探讨省域获得感的宏观影响机制。研究发现,在2005—2015年间,(1)我国超过一半的公众具有中高或高度获得感,但仍有三分之一群体获得感为中低或低度;(2)各省群众获得感随时间呈现较为一致的平缓上升趋势,但存在较大空间差异;(3)在省域层面,收入、健康和安全等民生指标对获得感有显著的支撑作用,但GDP增长指标和市场化、城镇化等转型指标,以及部分社会发展指标,尚未能起到应有的拉升效用,值得引起重视。