论国际航空运输电子合同的法律适用

国际航空运输协会(IATA)为了在全球范围内统一行业运营标准,要求其成员国的航空公司2007年年底之前在旅客运输业务方面全面采用电子机票,实现整个流程的无纸化.我国作为成员国,按照协会的要求逐渐在国内和国际航线上普及了电子机票,随之也带来了很多法律上的问题.尤其在国际航空旅客运输过程中,由于跨越不同的法域,不可避免地会引起国家或地区间的法律冲突;所以随着国际航空电子机票的全面使用,相关的法律适用问题应该引起我们足够的重视.对此,我们应该参照国际公约的规定对我国的相关法律进行修改,明确规定国际航空运输电子合同诸要素的法律适用,并在现有的基础上确立更加科学的管辖权制度.     

Portable Voter Registration

I find that statewide registration portability—permitting registrants who move anywhere within a state to transfer their registration and vote on Election Day at their new polling place—increases turnout rates among movers by 2.4% points. The effect is similar among movers living in EDR states, suggesting that about a quarter of the beneficial turnout effect of EDR is realized by recent movers. Yet, movers are still less likely to vote even where these policies are present. These findings further challenge existing literature that finds that reregistering is the primary impediment of voting among movers.

兰州市大气污染及其调控

分析了兰州市的大气污染特征,从自然和人为２方面探讨了大气污染的成因,指出兰州市大气污染治理面临的一系列矛盾和问题,并从产业发展、工程治理、环境管理等角度提出了相应的调控措施。     

冷战时期美国的军事战略与军事思想

冷战时期,美国形成了为其全球战略服务的各种军事战略,包括"遏制战略"和各种核威慑战略,如大规模报复战略、灵活反应战略、限制损伤战略、确保摧毁战略、现实威慑战略、总体威慑战略、有限核威慑战略和新的灵活反应战略。与此相适应,军事思想也发生了很大的变化,强调"空军第一"、"争夺制海权"、"质量建军",并形成了新的作战思想。这些战略和军事思想使美国赢得了冷战的胜利,但是也产生了许多问题。     

关于建立“流动农民工”社会保障管理模式的思考

由于对＂流动农民工＂的概念没有明确的界定,因而针对＂流动农民工＂而建立的社会保障管理模式尤为匮乏。现阶段,急需建立适合＂流动农民工＂特点的社会保障管理模式,以保障其基本权益和享受公平的待遇。本文在明确认识＂流动农民工＂的特点并分析＂流动农民工＂社保权益缺失问题的基础上,提出了建立＂流动农民工＂社会保障管理模式的建议。     

Field-portable detection of fentanyl and its analogs: A review

The need to detect fentanyl and its analogs in the field is an important capability to help prevent unintentional exposure or overdose on these substances, which may result in death. Many portable methods historically used in the field by first responders and other field users to detect and identify other chemical substances, such as hazardous materials, have been applied to the detection and identification of these synthetic opioids. This paper describes field portable spectroscopic methods used for the detection and identification of fentanyl and its analogs. The methods described are automated colorimetric tests including lateral flow assays; vibrational spectroscopy (mid-infrared and Raman); gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; ion mobility spectrometry, and high-pressure mass spectrometry. In each case the background and key details of these technologies are outlined, followed by a discussion of the application of the technology in the field. Attention is paid to the analysis of complex mixtures and limits of detection, including the required spectral databases and algorithms used to interrogate these types of samples. There is also an emphasis on providing actionable information to the (likely) non-scientist operators of these instruments in the field.     

The Rise of the Genotocracy

This article examines whether meritocracy is an effective device for legitimising socioeconomic inequality. It looks at two ways in which it could be said to do that—by allocating wealth and prestige according to merit, and by creating opportunities for those born in low income families—and concludes that the first only creates the appearance of fairness (an argument made persuasively by John Rawls) and the second is a largely unfulfilled promise. The author asks whether the low levels of social mobility in Britain and America are because they have not yet become fully-fledged meritocracies, or because they have, and considers Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray’s argument in The Bell Curve that meritocratic societies have a tendency to degenerate into genetically-based caste systems. It examines the research by Dalton Conley, Jason Fletcher and Benjamin Domingue on this point, which shows that genetic assortative mating declined over the course of the twentieth century, and tentatively concludes that Herrnstein and Murray were wrong—that flatlining social mobility is a bug, not a feature, of meritocratic societies.     

Gradient constraint in voting: The effect of intra-generational social class and income mobility on turnout

As the connection between an individual’s socioeconomic status and electoral participation originates from the socialization process in childhood and adolescence, inequalities in voting are often argued to be relatively stable throughout the life cycle. However, social mobility during adulthood may mitigate the effects of family background. Using individual-level register-based data, this study examines the extent to which changes in adults’ social class and income between 2000 and 2011 influenced voting propensity in the 2012 Finnish municipal elections. The results show that turnout among socially mobile voters settles between the stable members of their socioeconomic group of origin and destination. Our findings imply that intra-generational social and economic mobility can constrain the socioeconomic gradient in turnout.     

Insurgency in the Northeast region of Nigeria and its implications on inter-state and trans-border mobility, 2009-2016

ABSTRACT

Prior to the Boko Haram insurgency, there was free flow or movement of people and goods, underscoring inter-state and trans-border mobility in the Northeast region of Nigeria and the neighbouring countries of Niger Republic, Chad and Cameroon. Insurgents’ attacks disrupted such flows, transforming inter-state and trans-border routes into highways of terror and destruction. Insurgents targeted attacks at motorists, commuters, security personnel and ordinary people. This made road travel a risky undertaking, with adverse socio-economic impacts on the region and bordering countries. This paper explores the daily risks insurgents’ attacks posed to road travel, multiple livelihoods and transport infrastructure. Boko Haram insurgency had disruptive effects, and therefore road transport infrastructure and trans-border mobility constituted one of the major targets of terrorist attacks leading to growing insecurity in Nigeria’s Northeast region.     

新时代的农民工回流:逻辑、错位及其平衡——基于安徽、贵州、江西三省的调查

农民工回流是社会流动的主要表现。作为历时性、空间性的社会现象,农民工回流是政府、企业、家庭、个人等多元主体共同影响的结果,与政策制度、公共服务、经济水平、技术发展、家庭功能等多种因素密切相关,由政治逻辑、市场逻辑、技术逻辑与生活逻辑综合作用而成。但是,政治逻辑和市场逻辑主导下的农民工回流更多地体现出阶段性与被动性,技术逻辑和生活逻辑的作用较为持续与稳定。要从完善农民工市民化政策体系、增强企业社会责任、提高农民工人力资本、加快乡村基础设施建设等方面保障农民工的基本权益,实现农民工“留得下、稳得住、活得好、回得去”的政策预期。