从领导干部流动速率看干部制度建设

流动速率指干部在政治层级中的晋升速度,流动速率高的干部未来发展潜力更大。本研究使用市委书记上任年龄和所辖城市性质来衡量流动速率,结合干部人事制度的变化对流动速率与干部群体特征变量之间相关性进行分析。随着《党政领导干部选拔任用工作条例》等制度出台,当前流动速率高的市委书记群体教育水平更高、轮岗经历丰富,但在基层经历方面存在不足。目前我国面向基层导向的干部培养和选拔方式有助于对这一问题进行弥补。     

Shot Through the Heart—Firepower and Potential Lethality of Air Weapons

Although certain air weapons attain muzzle velocities comparable to some firearms, their successful use for committing suicide is rarely seen. Herein, we report a case of a young female died shortly after urgent admission to the hospital with penetrating gunshot wound to the chest. The autopsy revealed perforation of the pericardium and two perforative defects to the right heart ventricle. Injury was inflicted by a 0.177 caliber pellet, fired from an air rifle found near her body. Investigation ruled the death as suicide. The used air rifle fired the pellet with the energy density of 1.9 J/mm², substantially above the threshold for inflicting injury. The pellet penetrated through two layers of cotton fabric and several layers of tissue to inflict fatal injury to the heart. In addition, we provide an insight into the wounding potential of air weapons, which illustrates the need for greater caution in handling those devices.     

Fatal paradoxical air embolism diagnosed by postmortem imaging and autopsy

The recognition and visualization of an arterial gas embolism are difficult. We report a case of sudden death caused by paradoxical air embolism of coronary and cerebral arteries, diagnosed by the pre autopsy computed tomography (CT) scanning. A 54-year-old woman suddenly died after the self-removal of the jugular vein catheter. Postmortem imaging examination using CT scanning showed multiple gas embolisms in the cerebral arteries, pulmonary artery, right atrium and ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, and coronary arteries. These findings suggested that the occurrence of acute ischemia of the brain and heart caused by massive air inflow to the artery. Conventional autopsy revealed a patent foramen ovale of the heart. These results indicated that the patient died of paradoxical air embolization of the coronary and cerebral arteries through a patent foramen ovale because of right-to-left shunting. The use of postmortem imaging as an aid for conventional autopsy has proved to be of advantage in the case of gas embolism.     

The Paradox of National Language Acquisition: Russian Speakers’ Labor Market Positions in Estonia

This paper analyzes the changes in the labor market positions of Soviet-era Russian-speaking immigrants and their descendants in Estonia in 1992–2008. More specifically, it explains how the knowledge of Estonian connects with evaluations of changes of market positions. The Estonian case shows that the language policy intervention undertaken in the context of a fundamental transformation of the market structure in the 1990s paradoxically yielded results contrary to the objectives pursued by the language policy. As it turns out, a segregation strategy is successful in terms of market position maintenance or improvement, whereas acculturation strategy (learning Estonian) worsens rather than improves job opportunities.     

社会流动中农村外出务工女性的阶层分化研究——以河南省为例

在我国工业化、城市化和市场化的进程中,农村外出务工女性群体成为了一个非常值得关注的新型群体。在社会流动过程中,绝大多数农村女性通过外出务工,实现了社会阶层的向上流动。她们的层次分化已经初步显现,但层次分布很不合理。为了促进农村外出务工女性合理进行阶层分化,需要从以下几方面进行努力：大力宣传社会性别平等文化,努力培育社会性别平等意识;加大对农村女性劳动力的教育培训力度,提高农村女性劳动力的就业能力;积极在农村发展多元化的托幼养老组织,解决农村已婚女性外出务工的后顾之忧;继续深化户籍制度改革,着力提升城市社会对务工女性的公共服务水平。     

Regulatory policy outputs and impacts: Exploring a complex relationship

In this article, we pursue the objective of empirically testing the extent to which changes in environmental policy outputs can explain changes in environmental impacts. Previously, systematic testing of this relationship was hampered by the lack of a compelling measurement of changes in regulatory policy outputs. To remedy this, we present a novel approach to the measurement of events of regulatory output change. We illustrate our concept by employing data on changes in clean air regulations in 24 advanced democracies from 1976 to 2003. In a next step, we explore the extent to which changes in clean air regulations can account for changes in air pollutant emissions. The empirical analysis suggests that changes in clean air regulations cannot be unconditionally associated with changing intensities of air pollutant emission. We deem these results to have far‐reaching implications for the study of regulatory policy change.     

DESTINATION EFFECTS: RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND TRAJECTORIES OF ADOLESCENT VIOLENCE IN A STRATIFIED METROPOLIS*

Two landmark policy interventions to improve the lives of youth through neighborhood mobility—the Gautreaux program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiments in five cities—have produced conflicting results and have created a puzzle with broad implications: Do residential moves between neighborhoods increase or decrease violence, or both? To address this question, we analyze data from a subsample of adolescents ages 9–12 years from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, a longitudinal study of children and their families that began in Chicago—the site of the original Gautreaux program and one of the MTO experiments. We propose a dynamic modeling strategy to separate the effects of residential moving across three waves of the study from dimensions of neighborhood change and metropolitan location. The results reveal countervailing effects of mobility on trajectories of violence; whereas neighborhood moves within Chicago lead to an increased risk of violence, moves outside the city reduce violent offending and exposure to violence. The gap in violence between movers within and outside Chicago is explained not only by the racial and economic composition of the destination neighborhoods but also by the quality of school contexts, adolescents' perceived control over their new environment, and fear. These findings highlight the need to simultaneously consider residential mobility, mechanisms of neighborhood change, and the wider geography of structural opportunity.     

深圳“5.8“空难事故的法医学鉴定

报道了1997年5月8日深圳黄田机场发生的重庆至深圳B－2928号客机降落时撞击地面起大爆炸,造成35人死亡和37人受伤的空难事故,对遇难者的死亡时间、损伤情况、死亡原因、事故原因和个人识别进行了分析,并对处理类似重大事故的法医学鉴定程序进行了探讨。     

Towards a European educational area

When negotiating the new educational programmes the Council and the Commission of the EC had to deal with a profound controversy as to whether or not the programmes should aim for the creation of a European educational area. This reflects the question of whether the Community can work towards some sort of unification of the different educational systems of the Member States. As the Treaty of the European Community prohibits any harmonisation in this field the European institutions can only work towards a growing closer of the different systems by encouraging the Member States and the educational and training institutions to go this way. Such an outcome can be fostered by the legal framework protecting the individual rights of non discrimination and of free movement of workers and of services as well as of establishment on the one side and by indirectly effective and not binding measures on the other side. This influence can be achieved by the European education programmes, the common efforts to face the challenges of the knowledge society and the global competition, the incentives to ameliorate the quality of education and training and to improve the individual employability. However, harmonisation will mean losing the richness of European diversity. Instead of unifying the systems transparency and mutual recognition of individual qualifications could lead to the desired European dimension without endangering the cultural backgrounds and the responsibility of the Member States for education and training. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北京市市区采暖期二氧化硫严重超标的原因和对策

北京市区采暖期二氧化硫污染严重,大大超过国家二级标准。为保证低硫低灰份优质煤推广工作的顺利进行,必须颁布北京市煤质地方标准以及锅炉大气污染物排放地方标准,并争取国家批准北京市提高对二氧化硫的收费标准。