Business responses to environmental and social protection policies: toward a framework for analysis

This conceptual paper seeks to advance neo-institutional work that has traditionally portrayed environmental and social protection policies as constraints followed by businesses. Drawing from the policy sciences literature, we propose that in the United States, businesses tend to show increasing resistance as the protective policy process moves from initiation to selection and growing cooperation thereafter. Most importantly, we also contribute to the neo-institutional theory literature by positing that this inverted U-shaped policy process–business response relationship proposed for the U.S. context may be moderated by variations in the level of democracy, system of interest representation, regulatory approach, and national income.

Social process as everyday practice: the micro politics of community-based conservation and development in southeastern Mexico

This article explores the everyday exchanges associated with community-based natural resources management in southeastern Mexico to suggest how formal and informal social practices shape conservation and development outcomes. Discussions of social process in most policy analyses emphasize formal exchanges based in rational action but typically overlook the impact of everyday social practices, which often occur “off-stage.” First, I build on existing conceptualizations of social process in the policy sciences by exploring culturally-informed approaches focused on everyday practice, infrapolitics, and performance. Second, I present a case study detailing the emergence and decline of a timber marketing fund to reveal how informal lending among community members contributed to the decapitalization of the fund. Third, I trace flows of economic capital from the fund in order to discuss specific policy outcomes. Fourth, I present ethnographic and archival evidence showing the persistence and frequency of informal lending, the performative aspects of local social process, and the character of “off-stage” interactions. I conclude with a discussion of social process that extends analysis beyond values-based outcomes to consider how long-standing practices based in particular logics (political cultures) collide with formalized (technocratic) practices of the public sphere. I employ this conceptual approach to critically examine questions of petty corruption and local conflict, to uncover multiple dimensions of micro political interaction, and to explore how cultural perspectives on social process might inform policy responses.

Homeland security and citizen response to emergency situations: a perspective on the need for a policy approach to information access

Open access to public information is a hallmark of American political culture; however, the terrorist attacks on and before September 11, 2001 have prompted a reevaluation of how “freedom of information” should be balanced against the need for enhanced homeland security. This essay begins with a summary of legislative and executive actions that have led to restriction of environmental and health-related information formerly available to the public. Drawing on studies of disaster behavior, it is argued that citizen responders may be significantly hampered by restriction of environmental and public health-related information formerly available by means of public access web sites. The Lasswellian policy decision process is examined to explore the basis for a balancing test for agencies contemplating restriction of information related to environmental and public health-related threats. It is suggested that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) implement guidance for federal agencies in weighing decisions concerning the public status of information.

Unbundling R&D and Manufacturing: Postindustrial Myth or Economic Reality?

Understanding determinants of business location decisions is important from the point of view of economic policy. While the determinants of manufacturing and R&D location have been extensively covered in the literature, in this article we examine a largely neglected question: Under what conditions do manufacturing and R&D have to be physically colocated, that is, when is unbundling the two impossible? In a sample of 241 Finnish industrial firms, we find that unbundling R&D and manufacturing is possible for some companies but indeed a postindustrial myth of sorts for many others. The need for colocation correlates with knowledge intensity of activities: product complexity, process complexity, and industry rate of change, but interestingly enough, not with the size of the firm's R&D budget.     

On Commercial Development Patterns under the New Normal

Exploring business development patterns under the new normal has important theoretical and realistic significance to China's business getting out of difficulties, transforming and upgrading. This article, from five aspects: net business, platform business, service business, quality business, and diversified business, explores business development patterns under the new normal.     

司法判决中的正当程序原则

在法律、法规和规章对行政机关应当遵循的程序没有明确规定的情况下,法院能否根据正当程序原则去审查行政行为的合法性,是观察当前中国司法的实际职能和法律发展的一个窗口。通过统计《人民法院案例选》上行政判决所用的法律依据,分析田永案件、刘燕文案件、张成银案件等十余个有关行政程序的代表性案例,结合对法官所做的访谈,可以发现,在过去十多年中,正当程序原则在司法审查中获得了比较广泛的认可,开始成为中国法律的一部分。这一事实显示了中国法院在相对局促的空间里的能动主义立场,以及由个案判决所推动的一种法律发展的特殊路径。     

商事通则构造论

通则是基本法的功能性称谓,重在以一般性规则统领整个部门法,并不存在特定的结构模式.它仍然属于部门法律的编纂形式,而不是单行法规.民法通则为商事通则的制定提供了宝贵的经验,但商法的特点决定了商事通则不能照搬民法通则的结构.现代商法的价值诉求决定了商事通则必须以商行为一般规则为主要内容,而只有将商行为界定为营业行为,围绕营业规则安排商事通则的结构,方能解决商法适用上的难题,克服大陆法系商法典存在的缺陷,并在民商合一的框架下,实现商法内部的协调和统一.     

复方培元颗粒的提取工艺研究

目的 优选复方培元颗粒的提取工艺。方法 以总多糖含量、人参皂苷Rb1和淫羊藿苷总含量、出膏率为评价指标,选取溶剂用量、提取时间、提取次数等为考察因素,采用L9(34)正交试验法优选复方培元颗粒的最佳提取工艺。结果 最佳提取工艺参数为加12倍量水,提取3次,每次提取1 h。结论 优选的提取工艺切实可行,可为复方培元颗粒的质量控制提供依据。     

儿茶中表儿茶素提取工艺研究

目的 优选儿茶中有效成分表儿茶素的提取工艺。方法 以甲醇为流动相A,以0.04 mol/L柠檬酸溶液-N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（45∶8）为流动相B,在phenomenex C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)上进行等度洗脱,容积比为15∶85。柱温：35 ℃;流速：1.0 mL/min;检测波长：280 nm;进样量20 μL。以干膏得率和表儿茶素提取率为考察指标,考察提取溶剂、提取温度、提取次数和提取时间等因素,采用正交试验优选最佳提取工艺。结果 优选工艺为药材加10倍量甲基叔丁基醚,70 ℃回流提取2次,每次1.0 h。结论 优选所得的工艺稳定可行,可作为儿茶中表儿茶素的提取工艺。     

Box-Behnken响应面设计法优化排脓散水提工艺

目的 优选排脓散最佳水提工艺。方法 采用Box-Behnken响应面设计法,以水提液中3个指标性成分（柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、芍药苷）的含量和出膏率的综合评价作为考察指标,考察料液比、浸泡时间、提取时间3个因素对提取工艺的影响。结果 排脓散水提的最佳工艺条件为15倍水,浸泡67 min,提取74 min。结论 Box-Behnken实验设计法优化排脓散的水提工艺方法可行,预测性较好。