统计学方法在微量物证数据处理中的应用

统计学方法在微量物证理化检验工作中受到越来越多的重视,采用有效的统计学方法对检验数据进行分析,不仅能够深度挖掘复杂数据背后信息,还能不断提高数据的应用价值和证据本身的证据价值。本文对目前微量物证领域常用统计学方法进行归纳总结,简要介绍了常用统计方法的应用,对各类方法优缺点进行说明。最后,对法庭科学工作者都比较感兴趣的贝叶斯统计与似然比方法在理化检验数据统计分析中的应用进行了介绍。     

Homicide by unusual‐edged weapons: Forensic considerations of two cases

Homicide by stab wound is common worldwide. However, the use of unusual edged weapons is rarely reported in the forensic literature. Here, we report two cases of homicide involving a Japanese sword, or katana, and a sickle. Both of these weapons can create either stab or incised wounds with some particularities. In our cases, characteristics of the external wounds, internal injuries, and the depth of penetration raised the possibility of an unusual weapon. Meticulous forensic examination of these injuries (morphological characteristics, depth of penetration, trajectories, and cut marks in the bone) may allow the forensic expert to determine the type of weapon used.     

中美不对称核稳定与美国战略机会主义论析

中美两国安全关系在两国总体关系中扮演着重要的角色,研究中美之间的战略稳定关系,对于维护两国安全关系的稳定具有重要意义。中国的核威慑实力弱于美国,中美之间呈现出不同于传统战略稳定关系的不对称核稳定态势。中国对美国存在一定的核威慑能力,但有效性仍有差距和不足。这一差距容易使美国产生压制和削弱中国核报复能力的机会主义思想。实施限制损伤战略、发展导弹防御能力、进行战略反潜是美国对中国实施战略机会主义的主要行动。美国谋求削弱中国核报复能力、打破中美不对称核稳定的企图,与中国努力维持核威慑能力、维持中美不对称核稳定的行为形成了两股力量相持的态势。中国应重点提升核武器的质量,提高威慑信号的传递效能,以可信可靠的核威慑和核反击能力打消美国战略机会主义心态,维持两国间的战略稳定,特别是危机稳定性,筑牢遏制战争爆发的基础。     

刑事化验常见化学概念辨析

刑事化验常涉及较多的化学理论知识。对常见的、容易混淆的、有联系又有区别的十六个化学概念进行辨析。     

Utilizing a magnetic locator to search for buried firearms and miscellaneous weapons at a controlled research site

Forensic personnel generally use basic all-metal detectors for weapon searches because of their ease of use and cost efficiency. For ferromagnetic targets, an alternative easy to use and low-cost geophysical tool is a magnetic locator. The following study was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a common, commercially available magnetic locator in forensic weapon searches by determining the maximum depth of detection for 32 metallic forensic targets and testing the effects of metallic composition on detection. Maximum depth of detection was determined for 16 decommissioned street-level firearms, six pieces of assorted scrap metals, and 10 blunt or bladed weapons by burying each target at 5-cm intervals until the weapons were no longer detected. As expected, only ferromagnetic items were detected; weapons containing both ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic components were generally detected to shallower depths. Overall, the magnetic locator can be a useful addition to weapon searches involving buried ferromagnetic weapons.     

Functioning and Effectiveness of Electronic Control Devices Such as the TASER® M‐ and X‐Series: A Review of the Current Literature

Abstract: Conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) such as the TASER^® M‐ and X‐series deliver short high‐voltage, low‐current energy pulses to temporarily paralyze a person by causing electrical interruption of the body’s normal energy pulses. Despite many scientific publications, which classify the health risks of an appropriate use of the TASER device as minor, there still is a continuous uncertainty about possible side effects with human application. Based on a literature search of the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database’s PubMed system of current publications, the following article describes the mechanisms by which the device operates and discusses possible pathophysiological consequences. The majority of current human literature has not found evidence of clinical relevant pathophysiological effects during and after an exposure of professionally applied CEWs. However, to be able to exclude possible health risks, a medical checkup of people who have been exposed to CEWs is essential.     

毒丝本的检验

简要介绍毒丝本的理化性质,并比较了化学显色法、TLC法和分析仪器的条件.     

新加坡与美国的军事合作关系

在军事战略方面,新加坡已成为美国亚太安全岛链中的重要角色,成为美国防范恐怖主义和围堵中国的棋局中的一个棋子.本文通过军事合作与地缘战略两项因素,分析新加坡与美国的军事合作关系.本文研究发现:第一,新加坡正在取代此前菲律宾的地位,成为美国在亚太地区前沿部署的关键性角色;第二,美国对于新加坡的武器输出,已经超出"防御武器"的限制;第三,在"9·11"事件之后,新加坡宣布与美国站在同一阵线,共同对抗恐怖主义.也就是说,由于地缘战略的重要性,美国正借与新加坡的军事合作,使其成为美国亚太安全岛链的一环.     

对无过错违法使用警械、武器的民警刑事追偿质疑——一例国家赔偿案引发的刑事追偿条件反思

现行国家赔偿法对违法使用警械、武器职权行为的刑事追偿条件失之于宽,缺乏主观过错要件。国家赔偿法中的违法与通常所称的违法不同,并不包含有主观过错条件。而追偿是对主观过错的惩戒,对无过错违法使用警械、武器的公安民警进行刑事追偿,则违背了立法的初衷,也与行政追偿的主观过错要件相矛盾,显然是一种立法疏漏。国家赔偿法应增设主观过错要件,将此情形排除在刑事追偿范围之外。     

生物科技相关法律问题与《禁止生物武器公约》

生物技术所具有的人为改变生物自然性状的能力,也对生物多样性的保护构成了前所未有的威胁,并与人类社会的伦理观念发生了冲突。在专家学者、政府部门和各界的共同努力之下,发达国家目前已初步建立了生物安全规范体系。在国际范围内,联合国环境规划署制定了《国际生物技术安全准则》。为此, 我们必须加强对生物科技相关法律问题的研究。科学上的任何一样进步,人类都可以拿来作为武器。随着生物技术的飞速发展,在不久的将来很有可能会研制出杀伤力更隐蔽的新一代生物武器——基因武器。《禁止生物武器公约》对于禁止生物武器、防止生物武器扩散发挥了积极作用,已成为国际军控条约体系和以联合国为中心的集体安全框架的重要组成部分。中国政府一贯主张全面禁止和彻底销毁包括生物武器在内的一切大规模杀伤性武器,高度重视公约在维护世界和平与安全方面的积极作用。