以治理理论重塑我国公共服务市场化的进路

以治理理论重塑我国的公共服务市场化,其实质在于培育多元化、多渠道的公共服务主体,从而对服务的"生产职能"与"安排职能"实现相对分离。首先,鉴于公共服务领域存在着严重的"政府失灵,"应该打破政府垄断公共服务的格局,明确政府只是服务的提供者,并非一定是生产者的角色,在市场化进程中应慎用政府机制;其次,市场机制可以促进服务质量的提高、服务成本的降低、提高服务效率,充分发挥市场作用。然而,政府机制和市场机制都存在着固有的缺陷,公民社会在分担服务职能等方面也起到了十分重要的作用,培育公民社会也是市场化不可缺少的环节。     

公共投资决策程序的社会公众参与研究—以听证制度为视角

公共投资在实现社会资源的优化配置中具有私人市场不可替代的作用.科学合理的决策程序可以实现公共投资公平正义和效率优化目标.为了保证公共投资决策程序的科学化,有必要引入社会公众参与,尤其是听证制度.在未来的《公共投资法》中设计专门的听证制度很有必要.公共投资听证规则包括听证范围、听证主持人、听证参加人、听证笔录、听证期限、听证结果法律救济等方面.对听证制度的试点是立法准备的一个重要途径.     

城市规划编制过程中的听证会设计

听证会是正式的公众参与城市规划编制方式。政府规划部门应作为听证会的一般发起主体和组织者,控制性详细规划地段内的利害关系人应作为特殊提起主体。听证事项应限于对社会公共利益有重大影响的事项,并适当将某些事项排除。对于不同的听证事项可采取不同的听证模式。听证参加人应分为居民代表和专家代表,合理设置人数比例。听证主持人可由同级人民代表大会中具有规划知识背景的工作人员担任,以确保其公正性;听证参加人享有陈述和质询的权利;听证会记录应作为城市规划编制和审批的必备参考。违反听证规则时应追究相关工作人员的责任,但一般不影响城市规划的整体效力,可以补听证和申请国家赔偿方式救济。     

Private Military and Security Companies and the Liberal Conception of Violence

Abstract

The institution of war is the broad framework of rules, norms, and organizations dedicated to the prevention, prosecution, and resolution of violent conflict between political entities. Important parts of that institution consist of the accountability arrangements that hold between armed forces, the political leaders who oversee and direct the use of those forces, and the people in whose name the leaders act and from whose ranks the members of the armed forces are drawn. Like other parts of the institution, these arrangements are responsive to changes in military technology and needs, to geopolitical facts, and to moral and political norms. In particular, they are sensitive to the forms that military organization takes. Since the emergence of modern states in Europe some 500 years ago, there have been three main such forms: private providers—in the form of mercenaries, in early modern Europe—then professional standing armies, which in turn developed into citizen armies. Although elements of the three organizations have coexisted in many armies, the citizen army model has dominated until recently. That model brought with it a particular conception of the accountability relations between the army, the state, and the people. The state had authority over and directed the army, which was accountable to it. In turn the state was accountable for its use of the army to the people, on whose behalf it acted.

The dominance of state authority over the military is now under strain, with the professional and private elements—in the form of private military and security companies (PMSCs)—having increasing importance. As those elements increase in power and presence, so it becomes more difficult to make the state accountable to the people for its use of the military, and more difficult for the people to act as a restraining force on the way in which the military used.

In this essay, I outline and assess these developments—with particular emphasis on the emergence of PMSCs—in the light of a liberal view of (political) violence. The essay focuses on the situation in the United States, which possesses by far the most important military force in the world today, and in which the use of PMSCs is most developed. The paper has three main sections and a brief conclusion: the first section sketches the liberal view of violence and its implications for organizations dedicated to its use; the second outlines the salient characteristics of the three historically dominant forms of armies; and the third looks at the current situation in which the three forms coexist uneasily.     

Social reproduction and the limits of a neoliberal approach: the case of Singapore

Should citizenship status confer social rights independent of an individual's economic contribution? This study approaches this question through looking at social settings in which answers are contested. Specifically, it documents and analyzes qualitative semi-structured interviews and focus group interviews with 221 Singaporean citizens. As such, it complements existing critical policy studies on shifting conceptualizations of social citizenship and the rise of neoliberal governance. Data analysis illustrates interviewees' perceptions and lived experience of neoliberal, or ‘market citizenship’, bias in state population policy. Interviewees, moreover, find existing pronatalist incentives helpful but insufficient, largely because they see a decision to have more children as a long-term commitment requiring continual investment. They call for more generous, sustained, and universal state provisions for education and health, as well as homemaker allowances, which would be closer to feminist and classical formulations of citizenship-as-social rights.     

他山之石：公众参与社会管理的国际经验与启示

公众参与社会管理是我国政府当前的一个新的重大议题,国际社会已有这方面的成功模式和经验。从巴西、美国和北欧公众参与社会管理的模式中可以看出,一定程度的社会民主、政府信息的公开透明和公民社会组织的存在与发展对公众参与社会管理具有不可替代的作用。这些成功经验对我国政府推动公众参与,完善社会管理格局有着重要的启示和借鉴意义。     

公共政策参与的模式及原则分析

公民参与公共政策过程是我国政治体制改革的重要内容之一。由于发起者和参与环节的不同,公共政策参与可以划分为监督式、咨询式、申诉式和倡导式四种模式。在现有的制度框架下,不同模式的有效性都受到了一些因素的影响,但从中仍然可以归纳出一些基本原则来规范政府和公民在公共政策过程中的行为,从而推动积极、有序、有效的公共政策参与。     

随迁子女学前教育与流动女性的就业实证研究

本文使用国家人口计生委2011年流动人口动态监测调查数据,采用倾向值匹配的分析方法,研究了随迁子女人园状况对其母亲参与劳动力市场以及就业概率的影响。研究发现,约四成学龄前流动儿童没有入园,而随迁子女难以进入幼儿园对流动女性就业带来显著的负面影响,限制了流动女性参与和成功就业。文章进一步提出了促进流动人口学龄前随迁子女人园状况的政策建议。     

国内外社会参与程度与参与形式研究述评

当前的社会参与研究重点已转向社会参与的方法与技术。社会参与程度、不断创新的参与形式都属于参与方法和技术的研究范畴。对于社会参与的程度和形式的研究,国内外的学者已做出努力和贡献,但这与实现真正有效的参与目标仍有很大差距,有待学界的进一步探究。     

Voting at 16: Turnout and the quality of vote choice

Critics of giving citizens under 18 the right to vote argue that such teenagers lack the ability and motivation to participate effectively in elections. If this argument is true, lowering the voting age would have negative consequences for the quality of democracy. We test the argument using survey data from Austria, the only European country with a voting age of 16 in nation-wide elections. While the turnout levels of young people under 18 are relatively low, their failure to vote cannot be explained by a lower ability or motivation to participate. In addition, the quality of these citizens' choices is similar to that of older voters, so they do cast votes in ways that enable their interests to be represented equally well. These results are encouraging for supporters of a lower voting age.