Towards a pattern in mass violence participation? An analysis of Rwandan perpetrators' accounts from the 1994 genocide

In this article, I focus on the logic whereby a group of eight Hutu became involved in mass violence during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. This process is considered as a sequence of meaningful events that progressively shaped the actors' frame of analysis. As such, each sequence brings a new qualitative reality which, in turn, constitutes the platform upon which the involvement in, and the perpetration of, mass violence become acceptable and legitimate in the eyes of the perpetrators. Based on both Howard S. Becker's notion of career and Roger Petersen's analysis of resistance and rebellion, I disaggregate the entire process of participation in mass violence into a sequence of six mechanisms, generating two main phases. The first one, mobilisation, refers to the movement from a neutral state to a mobilised state. The second phase, collective action, covers the drift from mobilisation to action, namely, killings.     

The Dynamics of Local Service Delivery Arrangements and the Role of Nonprofits

This article examines the relationship between “contract failure” (the bringing “in-house” of previously contracted services) and service characteristics. The connection between contract failure and nonprofit and for-profit status is also explored. The analyses are performed using International City/County Management Association data and three service typologies constructed by previous scholars. The findings indicate that: 1) contract failure is more common than anticipated, and is actually relatively more common than privatization; 2) while service characteristics are associated with the frequency of contract failure, the nexus is tenuous; 3) nonprofit entities are less prone to contract failure than their for-profit counterparts.     

Can the descriptive-substantive link survive beyond democracy? The policy impact of women representatives

ABSTRACT

That women offer substantive representation in democratic systems is well established. However, can they do so in partial or non-democracies? As less than half of the women in the world live in democracies, analysing female representation outside of the democratic context is crucial. We hypothesize that even in non- and partial-democracies, women exercise substantive representation. Neutralizing the confounding effects of international constraints or a general positive approach towards gender equality, we create a framework that observes the relationship, proposing and testing several scenarios to identify substantive representation. We observe correlations over time between the share of women representatives and policies female representation typically influence: reproductive rights, health spending and education spending. Our evidence shows that substantive representation appears in non- and partial democracies, and not just in democracies.     

Semi-presidentialism,moderating power and inclusive governance. The experience of Timor-Leste in consolidating democracy

The relationship between the choice of a government system, namely semi-presidentialism, and the performance of democracy is the subject of current debate. This article considers Elgie's proposal for a positive correlation between premier-presidential forms of semi-presidentialism and the success of democratic transitions, and discusses the way in which Timor-Leste fits the model as well as the need for a clear view of the incentive mechanisms at play. It further analyses the importance of “independent” presidents with “moderating powers” as a way of achieving inclusive governance and to facilitate democratic consolidation. Contrary to suppositions that attribute a tendency for president-parliamentary regimes to succumb to conflict between the main political actors, the case of Timor-Leste suggests that the definition of the president's role as a “moderator”, and the exercise of the function by “independent”, non-party personalities counteracts such inclinations with positive effects on democratic consolidation.     

院前急救法律关系探究——患者拨打120后的法律关系分析

120急救中心与患者的关系在院前医疗法律关系研究中还处于一个相对薄弱的研究领域,理论界对其研究不够成熟,实务界也存在很多问题。关于两者法律关系的定位及120急救中心的性质、权利义务等问题尚待进一步确实。通过对120急救中心的性质分析,及其与患者之间的法律关系定位,以及医疗急救服务合同的内容的分析等方面阐述自己的一点看法。最后通过一点建议希望能对实务有所借鉴和启发。     

农民对纠纷解决机制的选择偏好及成因

对不同类型的纠纷,农民对纠纷解决机制的选择表现出不同的偏好。总体而言,农民对自我解决与民间调解的偏好要大于司法解决,只有在自我解决与民间调解＂失灵＂时或在部分＂涉外纠纷＂中司法解决才能获得农民的青睐。农民这一＂司法置后＂的选择偏好是由中国农村的社会状况、纠纷的特点以及不同纠纷解决机制的优缺点共同决定的。研究这一选择偏好及成因对中国农村法治建设有重要的启示。     

现阶段会计电算化应用中存在的问题及对策研究

由手工会计过渡为电算会计是会计工作的一个重大转折,这种转折不仅反映在形式上,更重要的是反映在管理体系和理念上。本文分析了目前会计电算化应用中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

小型猪复合麻醉剂对大鼠不同脑区cAMP信号转导系统的动态影响

将252只SD大鼠随机分为对照组和低、高剂量组(分别腹腔注射生理盐水10 mL/kg及小型猪复合麻醉剂5 mg/kg、7.5 mg/kg),每个剂量组又分为麻醉组、恢复I组和恢复II组等3个亚组.用放射免疫法测定不同脑区的AC活性、cAMP含量和PDE活性.结果显示,低剂量小型猪复合麻醉剂基本上对cAMP信号转导系统无明显的作用,高剂量小型猪复合麻醉剂不仅使大鼠大脑、小脑、海马及丘脑等脑区AC活性、cAMP含量明显升高,而且还使PDE活性显著降低,并在此四部分脑区体现出系统性、高度相关性及剂量依赖性.表明,大鼠大脑皮层、小脑、海马、丘脑等脑区的cAMP信号转导系统可能参与了小型猪复合麻醉剂全麻机理的调控,该制剂的全麻作用与激活此四部分脑区的cAMP信号转导系统相关.     

监狱警察职务犯罪针对性预防机制探究

尽管理论及实务界已就预防监狱警察职务犯罪提出诸多的建议机制,但监狱警察职务犯罪现象仍此起彼伏,究其原因是因为没有结合监狱警察职务犯罪的独特特点而提出针对性的预防机制;相比较于其他司法行政系统工作人员的职务犯罪,监狱警察职务犯罪具有身份特殊、犯罪主体明确等特点;监狱警察职务犯罪的发生原因也与监狱这一特殊工作环境以及监狱警察职权范围特殊密切相关;应该构建监狱警察权力监控机制以及检察院、监狱之间的联席会议等针对性预防机制,以防范监狱警察职务犯罪现象的发生。     

民营企业刑事合规的解构与展望

企业刑事合规制度起源于美国,已逐渐具有全球化的趋势。中国对企业合规问题日益重视,但是民营企业的刑事合规仍然属于制度空白。相较于其他类型的企业而言,民营企业的整体规范性较差,且具有脆弱性,刑事法律在控制犯罪和保障企业生存方面均呈现出不足之处。刑事合规制度能够将国家的刑事监管责任部分内化为企业的管理责任,具有教育问题企业、节约司法资源、减小司法社会负效应的积极意义。鉴于中国民营企业的实际情况,应明确有效刑事合规计划的内涵,构建刑事法律对企业合规的激励机制,推进民营企业自主建立有效的刑事合规计划。