论合同自由原则及其限制

自由是人类的永恒追求,合同自由是合同法的灵魂,自由原则亦是我国合同法的核心原则,贯穿整个合同法的始终。但是,自由并非是绝对的,无限制的自由是对权利的滥用,不利于权利的有效行使和各方主体价值利益的平衡,因此我国合同法又对自由原则进行了诸多合理的限制,如强制缔约、标准合同、附随义务、诚实信用、公序良俗等。     

法律监督在适用社区矫正中的形式构造

在许多国家,适用社区矫正的人数大大超过监禁人数,并取得了良好的社会效益。社区矫正作为一种新型的行刑执行模式,对于维护社会秩序的稳定,改革我国的刑罚制度,降低刑罚执行成本,提高罪犯改造质量,都具有重要的价值。对于执行权的监督是宪法和法律赋予检察机关的一项重要职能。我国现有30个省（区、市）相继开展了社区矫正工作,但对于相关的社区矫正现存的一些适用条件,许多人并不很熟悉,尤其是对适用社区矫正如何进行法律监督,在社区矫正适用中则更为＂生疏＂。为减少在适用社区矫正的执行过程中发生适用不当,防止执行权滥用和异化、维护公平正义,应当强调在适用社区矫正中的法律监督作用,并设计一套科学的运作规范,以合理寻求在适用社区矫正合理性与合法性的合理平衡。     

试析行政协调机制——以行政服务中心为视角

行政协调既是行政服务中心履行的一项基本职责,也是其健康发展的应然状态。作为行政服务中心机制建设的核心内容与关键环节之一,行政协调机制的健全与否决定着行政服务中心建设的成败。因此,准确把握行政协调机制的内涵与本质,合理优化行政协调机制的功能与作用是推动行政服务中心建设走向成熟的必然要求。     

Conflicts of Interest and Governance Mechanisms in Italian Local Public Utilities

Stemming from different theoretical perspectives the article examines the conflicts of interest arising among the actors (citizens, local governments, private shareholders, service providers) that at various levels are involved in local public utilities governance systems. The main results of a multiple case study analysis on 10 Italian listed local public utilities are summarized. Different and coexisting situations of conflicts of interest among multiple principals and agents are identified. In this context, governance mechanisms (e.g., the board of directors) have different roles and functions and may prevent and mitigate such conflicts. However, our findings suggest that the ownership structure influences board composition and functioning and that higher numbers of independent directors do not necessarily mean “actual” board independence. The article contributes to the debate on conflicts of interest and governance mechanisms in local public utilities.     

Make and Buy—An Alternative to Make or Buy? An Investigation of Four Theoretical Explanations in Danish Municipalities

The question of whether public organizations should provide services themselves or buy them from external suppliers has become increasingly relevant due to public-sector modernization. The literature has focused on it as a question of either make or buy. Contrarily, we focus on the reasons for public organizations to simultaneously produce and contract out similar services. The article investigates different theoretical explanations for concurrent make and buy. A survey of Danish municipalities shows that make and buy seems to be a steady choice. However, the results show little support for the theoretical explanations indicating the need for more public-oriented explanations.     

The impact of timing and frequency of parental criminal behaviour and risk factors on offspring offending

This paper explores mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of criminal behaviour by investigating specifically the timing and frequency of the parents' criminal behaviour while including risk factors for criminal behaviour. The results demonstrate a dose–response relationship: parents' number of criminal convictions is positively related to offspring's conviction rate. Furthermore, children whose parents had only been convicted before the child's birth have more convictions than those whose parents had never been convicted. Children whose parents had been convicted after the child's birth have more convictions than those whose parents had only been convicted before the child's birth, but this difference can be explained partly by the observation that the latter group had fewer risk factors for crime. When parental convictions at different ages were examined, children whose parents had been convicted between their 7th and 13th birthdays exhibit more criminal behaviour than children whose parents were convicted in other periods, but none of the differences were significant. There does not appear to be a sensitive period for the impact of parental criminal behaviour. The results demonstrate support for static as well as dynamic explanations of intergenerational transmission such as the transmission of a criminogenic environment and/or mediation through risk factors.     

Interpreting Injury Mechanisms of Blunt Force Trauma from Butterfly Fracture Formation

According to biomechanics of fracture production during blunt impact, tubular bones are subject to compressive (impact site) and tensile (opposite impact site) forces; this causes bones to break in tension before compression, producing Y-shaped fracture patterns with breakaway (butterfly) fragments. In current forensic models, the side of the bone exhibiting the breakaway fragment is designated the impact side, with initial breakage occurring opposite. Fracture production and patterning of blunt impacts to 255 sheep femora were analyzed. Contra the existing model, only 60% of complete butterfly fractures exhibited impact side breakaway fragments. Although fractures initiated on the tension, nonimpact side, butterfly fragments formed on either compression or tension sides. Using newly defined breakaway fragment shape criteria, impact side was estimated with 98% accuracy for both complete and partial butterfly fractures. Furthermore, the results suggest that the impact site is the located on one of the Y-fracture's arms, not the butterfly fragment's center, as previously modeled.     

论责任政府及其重建机制

传统责任政府的理念是基于政府法权基础上的责任履行 ,它往往导致形式主义和对程序合法性以及效率理性的极端追求。本文把责任政府理解为制度责任与伦理责任的统一 ,视之为制度规范和道德内化的综合体现。基于上述认识 ,本文以政府应该做什么、朝那个方向去做、怎么做及其相应的规范与纠偏机制为切入点 ,提出了当代重建责任政府的若干行动机制。尤其是厉行官员问责制 ,不仅是对应然状态责任政府的补足 ,更是其现实化的重要步骤。     

论发货人的权利、义务和责任

本文分析了发货人的含义及其特点 ,论述了发货人在海上货物运输法律关系中所享有的权利和应承担的义务和责任 ,在此基础上 ,对今后我国《海商法》第四章修改中关于发货人的法律规定提出了相应立法建议     

关于我国证券市场中政府行为的分析

本文从我国经济改革与我国证券市场的特点出发 ,分析了我国证券市场中政府行为的合理性 ,政府行为产生的原因、以及政府行为对我国证券市场运行机制的扭曲 ,并对规范我国证券市场中的政府行为提出了相关的建议。