论诉讼时效期间的起算——以未定期限债权为客体的分析路径

现行民法以“权利被侵害时”为诉讼时效期间的起算点 ,在适用于未定期限债权时 ,其效果与诉讼时效制度限制权利的功能不甚契合 ,在法技术上亦欠完善和周延。比较而言 ,以“请求权可以行使时”代替“权利被侵害时”可以较好地解决现行法的问题 ,是更好的立法选择 ,但必须同时对未定期限之债的清偿期规则进行修改 ,将债权可以行使的基础定位于客观标准而非债权人意志之上 ,才能从根本上贯彻“行使论” ,避免重蹈现行法的覆辙。在上述分析的基础上 ,本文就未来民法典提出两点建议 :第一 ,诉讼时效期间起算点规则应规定为 :“诉讼时效期间从请求权可以行使时起开始计算” ;第二 ,未定期限之债的清偿期规则应规定为 :“履行期限不明确的 ,债权人可以随时请求债务人履行 ,债务人也可以随时履行。但是 ,根据债的性质或诚实信用原则不宜立即要求债务人履行的 ,债权人应于必要期间经过后请求”。     

Higher Education and the Referendum on Scottish Independence

During the course of the referendum campaign, the Scottish government argued that free tuition for Scottish and EU students symbolised Scotland's preference for universal services and was intrinsically fairer than the ‘marketised’ systems operating in the rest of the UK. Invoking principles of both social justice and pragmatism, three distinct critiques of the Scottish government's higher education policy were mounted and adopted by different policy actors for different political purposes. Following a discussion of these arguments, this article concludes that a more nuanced discussion of higher education policy in Scotland is required, focusing not just on the absence of tuition fees but also on the distribution of debt and allocation of funds across the entire education system. We also note that the focus on tuition fees policy suggests that higher education systems across the UK are set on a process of divergence, whereas there are strong pressures towards policy convergence in areas such as research policy and internationalisation.     

The role of debt,death and dispossession in world-ecological transformations: swidden commons and tar capitalism in nineteenth-century Finland

ABSTRACT

This article theorises about the ways in which commodity frontiers replace forest commons. New insights are offered into the role of debt, enclosures, the death of human and extra-human natures, and the role of the state in historical processes through an analysis of historical material and recent scholarship on eastern Finland's role in global capitalist expansion in the nineteenth century. The article contributes to the general study of commons and the expansion of capitalist world-ecology. We discuss how swidden commons were more sustainable than generally assumed. The article provides an original theoretical framework for studying world-ecological transformations. We argue that a study of debt, death and dispossession – which we call the three work-horses of tar capitalism – can shed new light on the expansion of commodity frontiers.     

以公法之债解读我国社会保险税的建立——以纳税人财产权保护为视角

社会保险税不仅是税种法的重要组成,更是社会保障制度的核心环节,与一般的保险制度和税法制度都有着理论和实践上的差异。以公法之债为视角,解读社会保险制度和社会保险税的性质,比较社会连带互助与国家责任理论的逻辑体系,从而推求社会保险中个人责任与国家责任的划分原则,也即个人与国家债权债务关系之界定。同时结合我国社会保险资金制度的历史演变,反思社会保险制度改革的缺失。在比较社会保险筹资制度差异和若干理论阐释的基础上,对我国社会保险资金制度的改革提出建议。     

论公务员上下级之间的良性互动——公共行政的行动理论视角

公务员上下级之间的良性互动不仅是实务层面的议题,同时也是理论层面的探究对象。本文从公共行政的行动理论视角,解读了《公务员法》中的公务员上下级关系,同时分析了良性互动的基础和体现,即三个方面:互依性、平等和共识性决策。     

论县级市政府职能转变的制约因素

本从县级市政府职能转变的现状入手,多角度、多方位地分析了影响县级市政府职能转变的诸因素,并扼要指出目前应采取的对策和措施。     

Policy Inertia and the Persistence of Systemic Fragility

Many observers have diagnosed a fundamental shift in financial regulation since the 2008 crisis. In contrast, this article argues that changes have mostly been superficial. The ideas underpinning regulation have been adapted rather than overturned. Our financial system remains highly fragile, even if exceptionally loose monetary policy obscures such fragility temporarily. Governments show little appetite to correct the lopsided relationship between the financial sector and the real economy and turn the sector into a reliable engine of prosperity and stability rather than a continued source of systemic risk.     

夫妻共同债务认定标准的中西法传统比较

夫妻共同债务认定的司法乱象丛生,在于财产契约属性的民商事规则取代共同生活的婚姻纠纷考量规则的价值取向偏差,突破了合同相对性而过度保护债权,亟待以夫妻共同债务认定标准的中西法传统比较为镜鉴,正本溯源。夫妻共同债务中所借债务为了婚姻关系符合伦理和法理正当目的的属性不同,由此形成特色迥异的认定原则。我国同居共财的吸收原则,迥异于罗马法基于意识自治的分离原则,相互交汇于共同生活的统摄原则。吸收原则很难内生性进化发展,但有利于婚姻关系共同体的稳定,而分离原则易于矫枉过正,治理成本极大,却尊重个人独立。故惟有以致中和的夫妻债务认定理念来构建防范债权风险的制度,并落实在救济弱者的司法裁量中,方能解决夫妻共同债务认定标准的根源问题。     

四级两审制的发生和演化

司法体制改革的一个重要举措是设立最高人民法院巡回法庭,这一改革举措可能意味着我国法院层级或审级变化的新动向.从建国以来的历史经验看,法院层级和审级变化并非彼此孤立,且都从属于国家政治形态设计.1954年中共中央取消大区分院,促动了法院审级由三审制改为两审制.两审制带来的法院功能和案负变化,导致中级人民法院层级的设立.为了保障四级两审制平滑运作,民事调解制度扩大,基层法院派出法庭普遍设立.这一法院层级和审级制度的设立,契合了扩大省级地方权力的政治目标.1983年以来“地改市”运动、民事调解制度的萎缩以及撤销部分派出法庭,使得四级两审制的基础发生松动,法院层级和审级方面的新变化由此产生.     

论与需求层次相结合的人力资源管理

根据与需求层次相结合的人力资源管理理论,当员工处在不同层次的需求上时,组织就要相应实施不同层次的激励和管理。随着人性需求的扩张,管理的层次也随之升华,在经历过以物质为手段的经济管理、以情感为方法的精神管理之后,人力资源管理达到文化管理的最高境界,真正实现用理念、使命、氛围来达到组织目标与个人目标的一致性。