实时荧光定量PCR检测羊肉制品中鼠源性成分

目的建立基于实时荧光PCR技术的肉制品中鼠源性成分的快速检测方法。方法以羊和鼠的细胞色素b基因序列设计特异性引物和Taqman荧光探针,通过特异性、灵敏性及模拟混合肉样检测实验,建立羊肉制品中鼠源性成分实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果该检测方法具有良好的特异性和灵敏度,在50mg羊肉和鼠肉的混合样品检测中,鼠源性成分检测限可低至1%。结论所建立的鼠源性成分检测的实时荧光定量PCR方法,为肉制品质量控制提供了有效的技术手段,弥补了利用RTi-PCR检测肉制品中鼠源性成分的技术空白。     

Focal Points and Turning Points in Negotiation: A Comparative Analysis

In this article, we examine the roles of focal points and turning points in negotiation. Both concern impasses in negotiation, and negotiators can exploit them to move past impasses. Each term uses the word “point” differently, however. A focal point refers to a single salient coordinating concept shared by the parties. A turning point is a departure that takes place during the course of a negotiation, when the course seems to change. Precipitants precede turning points and consequences follow them. In this article, we focus on the relationship of these two negotiation concepts. We raise the following questions: Does the development of focal points precipitate departures, and, if so, how? Do departures lead to the development of focal points, and, if so, how? Are there circumstances in which focal points do not precipitate turning points and vice versa? Do negotiations that feature focal points create more or less durable agreements? Do negotiations that include turning points create more or less durable agreements? To help answer these questions, we have analyzed four cases. In the German Foundation Agreement negotiation, the development of focal points precipitated turning points. In the South African Interim Constitution negotiations, turning point departures precipitated the development of focal points. And in the negotiations to end the Burundi civil war and to reach the Nouméa Accord between France and New Caledonia, parties shared focal points that did not precipitate turning points. These case analyses provide insights into the role of focal points in producing effective and durable agreements. They also suggest opportunities for further research on the interaction between these concepts.     

西部少数民族地区农村公共产品供给短缺的体制缺陷

目前,我国农村地区普遍存在着公共产品供给短缺的问题,尤其是我国西部少数民族农村地区,公共产品供给严重不足,造成这些地区生产生活严重落后。随着我国社会主义新农村建设的进行,加大对西部少数民族农村的投入力度,改变这种供给短缺的现象已成为一项很紧迫的任务。     

公共选择理论与中国公共财政

公共选择理论是一门介于经济学和政治学之间的交叉学科,是对政府决策的经济研究。之所以将公共选择理论引入财政学领域,是因为财政问题本身的某些固有属性决定了大多数财政问题的解决都可以吸收和借鉴公共选择理论。现代市场经济下的公共财政不仅是提供公共产品的财政,更是公共选择的财政。同时,中国建立公共财政体制的过程应当是,也必然是财政管理公共化的过程,这是建立民主的、有监督的财政的必由之路。     

Potential Forensic Application of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) as a Novel Biomarker for Estimating Postmortem Interval

Studies which estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) based on diatoms or bacterial communities have been well‐conducted. However, predicting the PMI based on microorganisms has limited accuracy. The objective of this study was to discover specific biomarkers for estimating the PMI for drowning. The in vivo experimental model consisted of rats classified into nine groups (seven drowned groups from Day 1 to Day 7 and two control groups). Their lung tissues were analyzed for the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mRNA expression determined by qRT‐PCR. RAGE protein levels were determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. RAGE mRNA and protein levels gradually degraded over time. Immunostaining analysis revealed that RAGE in the Day 1 sample was significantly higher than that in the Day 6 or Day 7 samples. These results indicate that RAGE in drowned lungs could be a potential biomarker for the determination of the PMI after drowning.     

Identification of Eight Synthetic Cannabinoids,Including 5F‐AKB48 in Seized Herbal Products Using DART‐TOF‐MS and LC‐QTOF‐MS as Nontargeted Screening Methods

Synthetic cannabinoids are sprayed onto plant material and smoked for their marijuana‐like effects. Clandestine manufacturers modify synthetic cannabinoid structures by creating closely related analogs. Forensic laboratories are tasked with detection of these analog compounds, but targeted analytical methods are often thwarted by the structural modifications. Here, direct analysis in real time coupled to accurate mass time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (DART‐TOF‐MS) in combination with liquid chromatography quadruple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS) are presented as a screening and nontargeted confirmation method, respectively. Methanol extracts of herbal material were run using both methods. Spectral data from four different herbal products were evaluated by comparing fragmentation pattern, accurate mass and retention time to available reference standards. JWH‐018, JWH‐019, AM2201, JWH‐122, 5F‐AKB48, AKB48‐N‐(4‐pentenyl) analog, UR144, and XLR11 were identified in the products. Results demonstrate that DART‐TOF‐MS affords a useful approach for rapid screening of herbal products for the presence and identification of synthetic cannabinoids.     

构建新型农村公共产品供给体系

市场经济的深化、农业的弱质性特征、工业反哺农业的阶段要求、农业国际竞争力的提高都需要有效的农村公共产品供给。但是,我国的农村公共产品供给存在诸多问题,不能满足农村发展的需要。因此,要构建具有投入稳定、责任明确、决策科学、组织合理、监督有力、运行顺畅、供给有效等特征的农村公共产品供给体系。     

农产品质量法的几个问题

对农产品质量进行立法规制成为现实的需要 ,文章着重分析了“农产品质量法”的立法基础、目标、体系、内容以及立法内外的提高农产品质量的途径。     

风险社会中的产品刑事责任

面对风险社会的到来,我国在追究缺陷产品侵权责任的基础上,有必要将产品责任扩展到刑事领域。尤其在风险社会下,许多产品在生产和出厂销售之时无法发现缺陷的存在,但置于流通领域后该缺陷产品导致消费者人身伤亡的,生产者应该承担回收义务,如果违背回收义务致法益侵害进一步扩大,则应该追究其刑事责任。     

中国果蔬产品冷链物流现状及需求趋势研究

从中国果蔬产品流通特点与发展趋势及对冷链的需求分析可知,我国果蔬产品业冷链物流发展过程中存在一些问题,已远远不能满足果蔬行业的发展。完善我国果蔬冷链发展的对策有:重视果蔬物流技术,加大配套设施建设;构建果蔬物流信息网络体系,力求资源共享;完善果蔬冷链物流标准化体系,降低食品安全隐患;促进特色果蔬冷链物流,强化果蔬流通主要业态组织。