Ambivalence About Equality in the United States or, Did Tocqueville Get it Wrong and Why Does that Matter?

Alexis de Tocqueville believed that “democratic peoples’... passion for equality is ardent, insatiable, eternal, and invincible.” This article examines whether and under what conditions residents of the United States demonstrate such a commitment to equality. I show that at many points in history, Americans have indeed chosen to move toward greater justice and less oppression; however, there are clear limits to their passion for equality. White Americans endorse less social, political, and economic equality than do African Americans, but even the latter often resist equality for groups that they perceive to be threats, or for behaviors that threaten strong social or moral norms. The article discusses implications for political activists of these patterns of support for and resistance to greater equality, and suggests strategies for overcoming oppression and promoting justice.     

引领人民向自由前进的航标——浅评卢梭的《社会契约论》

卢梭的《社会契约论》既是一部政治学著作,又是一部法学著作,是世界思想史上的重要古典文献之一。本文即从它的历史背景出发,对其"自由与平等"的目标、性质以及"主权在民"的重要思想进行了浅显的评析。     

Parity,Power and Representative Politics: The Elusive Pursuit of Gender Equality in Europe

In recent years the concept of parity democracy has rapidly risen up the European political agenda. Using a threefold typology of sex-quotas, this article undertakes a classification of the measures taken by the 15 old E.U. member states to improve the gender balance in representative assemblies. This is then used as the basis for an exploration of the advantages and disadvantages of the parity approach as a tool to promote gender equality, including the constitutional obstacles which stand in its way. The article goes on to present a comparative study of several national systems in which attempts to achieve parity democracy have been pursued, concluding that, in order to maximise their effectiveness, parity measures must operate within a system of unbiased political structures and be properly adjusted to suit the particularities of individual national electoral regimes.     

选举争讼制度比较研究

从国外选举争讼的性质、争讼范围及解决选举争讼的基本模式看,我国选举争讼制度存在争讼范围过于狭小、诉讼程序简单等问题     

The Queen and the `Bolton Seven'

This note examines the case of a group of gay men who, having engaged in consensual sexual acts together, became known as the `Bolton Seven' following their conviction in 1998 for offences of buggery and/or gross indecency. More particularly the note scrutinises the implications of the ages of the participants (one of whom, at 17 , was unable to give lawful consent to sexual intercourse with a man) in the light of the enactment of Part I of the Sex Offenders Act 1997 which introduces a system of compulsory registration by some convicted and cautioned sex offenders with the police (including men convicted of, or cautioned for, buggery or gross indecency). The note explores the justification for inclusion of these offences within the remit of the1997 Act together with the cultural construction of gay men as predatory and as constituting a risk to younger members of society. It also analyses some of the effects of the registration requirement in terms of it constituting a potential violation of fundamental rights such as equality and respect for private life. This discussion is located particularly within the context of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the U.K.. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

少数民族占多数的地区公务员考试平等权问题——以广西河池市公务员招录为例

文章以广西河池市的公务员招录加分情况为例，用实证的方法分析并认为在少数民族占多数地区的地方公务员考试中，给在当地占多数并且社会经济地位处于优势的少数民族考生加分，对于当地占少数的汉族考生而言并不适当。人事部门应坚持比例原则，分情况予以对待：全国范围内以及少数民族占少数的地区公务员考试中，仍需给予少数民族适当照顾；而在少数民族占多数、优势的地方职位招考，则不宜再给少数民族加分。在具体加分的尺度上，应综合少数民族和汉族占当地总人口的比例和发展水平的不同情况做出决定。     

农村留守儿童教育问题的成因及出路分析

农村留守儿童教育问题是我国经济社会发展处于特定阶段而出现的历史性问题。它的存在有其历史必然性和相对长期性。留守儿童教育问题的根本解决有待于我国经济社会的进一步发展，尤其是我国城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局的实现。     

犯罪人与普通人的平等——非监禁刑的价值定位与路径选择

现代刑罚理论普遍采纳行刑个别化、社会化原则使得自由刑的执行更有利于犯罪人的再社会化，而目前我国对非监禁刑的价值认识模糊、研究滞后，导致社会接受度不高，司法实践对其适用也持保守态度。透视我国非监禁刑司法适用问题，分析非监禁刑的理念及价值定位，在构建公平正义社会过程中从价值理念和制度上完善、创新非监禁刑制度及法律适用，追求最大程度上的犯罪人与普通人的平等，才能彰显刑罚惩治与教育改造的双重功能。     

论罪刑相适应原则之刑法地位

罪刑相适应原则在国内刑法理论中早就提了出来,并在现行的刑法条文中有所表述。但对该原则的已有理论研究高度不够,视野狭窄。立足于罪刑相适应原则之于刑罚个别化、罪责刑相适应原则、罪刑法定原则、刑法面前人人平等原则和刑法人道主义原则的关系较为全面而深入地揭示了罪刑相适应原则的刑法核心原则地位,从而为宏观把握和整体领悟刑法开启一扇窗口。     

Distributive Justice Norms and Family Work: What Is Perceived as Ideal,What Is Applied,and What Predicts Perceived Fairness?

Members of married couples rated how ideal communal, exchange, and equality rules were for their marriages. They also reported on whether they and their spouses followed each norm in general in their marriages and in the domains of housework and child care. Both men and women considered a communal norm to be more ideal than the other norms and reported that they and their spouse followed a communal norm to a greater extent than an exchange or equality rule, both in general and in the domains of housework and child care. In addition, links between reports of actual division of labor in each domain, as well as reports of norm use, and perceived fairness of the division of family work were examined. Greater inequalities in the division of labor were linked to decreased perceptions of fairness. Controlling for reports of division of labor, women's reports of the self and of the spouse following a communal norm were linked with increased perceptions of fairness as were women's reports of the spouse following an equality rule. In contrast, and again after controlling for reports of division of labor, women's reports of the self following an exchange rule and men's reports of the self and of the spouse following an exchange rule were associated with greater perceived unfairness of the division of family work.