PPMs标准研究

环境污染很大程度上是在生产过程中产生的,PPMs标准就是对产品的加工和生产过程所制定的特定的环境标准。PPMs标准作为国际环境保护的一个重要措施,同时又成为影响WTO规则下自由贸易的一种壁垒方式,日益成为国际社会关注的重点。本文在对WTO法规内外PPMs标准研究的基础上,提出了对PPMs标准需客观地看待的观点,并对我国应当采取的法律对策提出粗浅建议。     

强化环境法治建设生态文明

建设生态文明已成为落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会、实现经济社会环境协调发展的迫切任务.其路径依赖为:发展循环经济,转变经济增长方式;加强生态伦理教育,提高全民族的生态道德素质;强化环境法治,建立和完善生态安全的法律支撑体系.     

中国环境污染责任保险制度的构想

在工业化过程中,环境污染的发生不仅频繁而且后果严重。单个污染企业承担责任的能力有限,致使污染受害者和公共环境损害往往得不到应有的赔偿。为分散企业环境污染赔偿责任,最大限度的保护受害者,尽量减少社会和国家的损失,有必要借鉴国外环境保险的经验,探索建立我国的环境污染责任保险制度。     

论现行法律关于水资源环境信息管理体系的规定

关于环境信息的收集、处理、交流和使用的法律规定是环境法的重要组成部分。由于水资源与经济发展和人民生活息息相关,加强和完善有关水资源的信息管理体系的任务显得尤为迫切。本文查证我国有关水资源的法律中关于环境信息的收集、处理、交流和应用的法律规定并分析其实施情况。在这种查证和分析的基础上,本文对如何完善我国水资源环境信息管理体系提出了若干建议。     

环境犯罪被害人的基本特征和被害预防责任的归属

环境犯罪被害是一类新型特殊的被害。与传统被害人比较它有自身特有特征:被害对象的特殊性和复杂性,被害原因行为价值判断的似是而非性,被害的间接性、累积性、不可逆性以及空间广延性,被害的国际间弱势转移性,等等。鉴于此,国家应承担首要的环境犯罪被害预防责任。就现代中国而言,国家预防责任的实现以宪法确立公民环境权为转折点。     

试析印度经济增长

本文叙述了印度经济增长的基本状况,对影响印度经济增长相关要素进行了论述,透析了未来印度经济增长的潜力和空间,并揭示了印度经济增长面临的困境。     

Effect of History and Context on Forensic Pathologist Interpretation of Photographs of Patterned Injury of the Skin

In a previous study, a survey‐based analysis of pathologist diagnoses of patterned injury was performed. Subjects were provided with photographs of “classic” injuries and asked to diagnose the lesion in the absence of history or context. There was a relatively low diagnostic consensus among respondents. A second survey suggested that the disparate answers were not due to a strong belief in different diagnoses, but instead reflected how the respondents dealt with ambiguity. A third survey was created that asked participants to evaluate patterned injuries of the skin, but provided history and contextual information. The addition of history and contextual information increased consensus from a median of 80% to 98% on a per‐question basis. Confidence increased from a median of 56%–92%. These results demonstrate the importance of history and context in medical diagnosis of patterned injuries of the skin.     

Factors associated with desistance from violence in prison: an exploratory study

Desistance from crime has been of increasing interest within criminal justice literature, but desistance from offending behaviour whilst in custodial environments has not yet been investigated. Violence within prison establishments continues to be a significant problem; therefore, this study investigated the factors that are associated with desistance from custodial violence in 63 UK Category C adult male prisoners with a record of violence in prison. Participants completed measures of eight social and subjective factors associated with desistance in community samples. Those who had desisted from prison violence for 12 months or more showed greater levels of pro-social attitudes, agency and resilience than those who persisted in violence. Agency independently predicted desistance and this was particularly the case for younger offenders. Internal shifts appeared to be supported by a positive work environment. It is concluded that in custody an internal shift in perspective is especially important for desistance, and that this can be supported by the social environment. Opportunities to intervene may be greater in younger prisoners. It is recommended that current initiatives in developing agency and positive social interaction, such as Psychologically Informed Planned Environments, are further developed.     

How is it Possible for Democracies to Effectively Tackle Long-Term Problems?

ABSTRACT

The aim of this essay is to examine if and how it is possible for the political system of democracy to effectively tackle long-term public problems that are wicked in nature, taking climate crisis as an example. It consists of four sections. The first section is devoted to a brief historical overview of the conflict between eco-authoritarianism and ecological democracy. The following section examines if and to what extent “environmental pessimism” – disillusionment with the ability of liberal/capitalist democracies to effectively tackle long-term environmental problems – which has made a remarkable comeback since late 1980s, is empirically grounded, on the basis of performance evaluation of the contracting parties to the Kyoto Protocol (adopted on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005), and the Climate Change Performance Index that evaluates and ranks the climate mitigation performance of 58 countries responsible for over 90 per cent of global energy-related CO₂ emissions, released every year by Germanwatch and Climate Action Network Europe. The third section focuses on more theoretical/normative issues, critically examining the cogency of a claim, made by no small number of environmental pessimists, that democratic institutions, due to their myopic tendencies, usually work systematically to the disadvantage of future generations. The last section is devoted to the examination of measures thus far advocated and partly put into practice for correcting the myopic tendencies of democracy, emphasizing the vital need for non-representative measures, or self-restraint mechanisms built into democracy itself, whose primary function lies in preventing democracy from degenerating due to the influence of the myopic majority, thereby protecting ecological sustainability and the well-being of future generations.     

Development as recolonization: the political ecology of the Endosulphan disaster in Kasargod,India

This paper examines the Endosulphan pesticide disaster in Kasargod, Kerala, India. The paper argues that the pesticide disaster was the culmination of an agrarian modernization project implemented in the region by the state-owned Plantation Corporation of Kerala (PCK). An exploration of the political ecology of the disaster shows the recolonization of residents and nature by PCK through neocolonial forms of centralized and exclusionary spatial and resource control mechanisms. In this context, the paper questions the glorification of the “Kerala model” of development from the standpoints of environmental justice and resource rights, relying on the lived experiences of the people of Kasargod.