追溯与寻明:国际法视角下的碳排放权单位研究

自以《京都议定书》为基础的市场化机制建立以来,经过近20年的发展,全球碳金融市场呈现蓬勃发展的态势,交易量大幅提升,成交金额不断攀升,市场化机制在夯实中不断完善和发展。同时,争端与纠纷日益增加,国际多边环境公约调整下的碳排放权机制部分地在WTO体制下进行规制,成为众多学者的憧憬。碳排放权单位体现的既不是GATT框架下的"产品",也不是GATS框架下的"服务",而是在经济上反映出特殊的金融衍生产品的属性。然而,碳排放权单位交易商提供服务的行为契合GATS金融服务要求,因此交易商可依据GATS享受跨国服务领域中的最惠国待遇,并可将与WTO规则相关的争端诉诸WTO争端解决机制,实现环境争端解决的规范化、法制化。     

“国家干预”手段重构与环境法变革

环境法的调整方法离不开国家干预,但现行环境法规范中对于不同类型国家干预手段的选择与配置存在结构失衡的特点,指令性国家干预比例过大,指导性国家干预和直接介入性国家干预比例过小,不能反映国家干预在纠正市场缺陷、培育和扶持新兴市场方面的功能和特点,不能彰显经济手段解决环境问题的独立功用。因此,不同类型的国家干预手段在我国环境法中的整合与重构显得尤为重要,并直接影响我国环境法体系及其制度内容的重大变革和调整。     

马克思主义中国化中的文本阅读问题

文本阅读是马克思主义中国化的基础,但阅读理解马克思恩格斯的文本要受到文本本身以及阅读者自身各种复杂因素的制约。就文本而言,马克思恩格斯没有对自己的思想做过专门的系统阐述,许多论述是在某些具体环境中针对具体条件做出的,其理论价值和实践意义与这些条件密切相关;就阅读者而言,他的个性、知识背景,特别是他所在社会的发展状况,决定了他对马克思恩格斯文本的选择与理解。这两方面的情况使得任何人对马克思主义的理解都有相对性,都不可能与所涉及的马克思恩格斯论述的本意完全一致。这要求在马克思主义中国化中,每个人都要有谦虚的开放的心态,相互尊重,切忌"唯我独马";同时,究竟谁的理解正确,往往只有通过实践检验才能做出结论。     

Incentivizing self‐regulation: Federal vs. state‐level voluntary programs in US climate change policies

How does program sponsorship influence the design of voluntary programs? Why and how do voluntary programs on climate change sponsored by the state and federal governments in the United States vary in their institutional design? Scholars emphasize the signaling role of voluntary programs to outside stakeholders, and the excludable benefits that induce firms to take on non‐trivial costs of joining voluntary programs. Scholars have noted several types of benefits, particularly reputational benefits programs provide, but have not systematically studied why different programs emphasize different types of benefits. We suggest that excludable benefits are likely to take different forms depending on the institutional context in which program sponsors function. We hypothesize that federal programs are likely to emphasize less tangible reputational benefits while state programs are likely to emphasize more tangible benefits, such as access to technical knowledge and capital. Statistical analyses show the odds of a voluntary program emphasizing tangible benefits increases by several folds when the program is sponsored by the state as opposed to federal government.     

环境损害:环境法学的逻辑起点

学科理论体系的逻辑起点必须是针对学科研究对象中最广泛最普遍现象的最简单、最抽象的本质规定,它与历史的起点是辩证统一的。照此原则所确定的逻辑起点包含了对学科理论体系的规定性。环境损害是环境法学逻辑起点的必然选择,它对环境法学理论体系的规定性在以往的环境法学研究中已初见端倪,以后将更加充分地表现出来。     

21世纪方便旗船制度的新反思

船旗国在确保海上安全和保护海洋环境方面发挥着重要的作用,但方便旗在船旗和船舶之间建立的联系十分脆弱,一些登记处甚至允许隐瞒船舶的真正所有人。这使得船旗国不能真正监管船舶的活动,方便旗船可以逃避法律的约束。在方便旗制度下,海洋生态环境的保护受到挑战,海上安全受到严重威胁,尤其这一制度可能成为滋生恐怖主义的温床。针对这些新问题,重点从海洋生态保护和海上国际罪行两个新角度对方便旗制度进行审视,进而对船舶登记和管理制度进行新的反思,并提出合理的改革建议。     

电流斑的环境扫描电镜X射线能谱分析

目的利用环境扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪(environmental scanning electron microscope and energydispersive X-ray microanalyser,ESEM-EDX)研究电流斑微观形态特征及元素构成,以期为电流斑及电击死的鉴定提供更准确、客观的依据。方法用ESEM-EDX检测5例电流斑的扫描电镜形态、金属颗粒的形态及其元素组成。结果电流斑及周围皮肤可见电穿孔、金属熔珠,熔珠主要由铁、铜、铝等常见金属元素和金、钛、钡等人体少见的金属元素构成。结论 ESEM-EDX检测可为电击死的鉴定提供客观的依据。     

Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials—A Review

Abstract: A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. Aspects of both inorganic and organic GSR are discussed, from formation and distribution, to sample collection, preparation, and analysis using a variety of techniques. The interpretation of GSR results is also considered including issues surrounding the contamination, distribution, and transfer of GSR. Potential problems with ulterior sources of GSR like particles have been reported in the literature. For example, particles from environmental and occupational sources have been highlighted as exhibiting similar chemical and morphological characteristics to GSR. These findings are put into context with regard to interpreting samples. A move toward a “case by case” approach is argued to be more preferable to a “formal” classification system where possible. The analysis of both inorganic and organic compositions of residue samples as well as morphological considerations is considered to be a more ideal approach to GSR analysis, whereever practicable.     

遏制不利因素 强化“维稳”机制

当前,我区总体社会治安形势稳定,但还存在着一些不稳定的因素。如,群体性事件、＂三股势力＂活动、西方敌对势力涉疆活动、非法宗教活动等。各种因素相互交织,使矛盾的不确定风险增大,＂维稳＂更为艰巨。因此,正确分析社会存在的各种矛盾,遏制和消除＂维稳＂的不利因素,建立纠纷排查和＂维稳＂风险评估、完善法制建设、继续长久地保持＂高压态势＂、加大社区＂维稳＂建设、强化＂综治＂工作等全方位的、立体式的＂维稳＂应对机制,对维护新疆社会稳定,加快社会经济发展,有着十分重要的现实意义。     

Proximal End Root Morphology Characteristics in Antemortem Anagen Head Hairs

The proximal end morphology of antemortem anagen head hair was compared with the characteristics documented to occur in postmortem hairs. Antemortem anagen and telogen head hairs (N = 967) were recovered following exposure to seven environments. Root morphology characteristics consistent with those reported in postmortem hairs were observed in 66 (14%) hairs exposed to a water, normal saline, outdoor soil, or indoor shower environment. Thirty‐three anagen hairs (7%) exhibited a root band at the proximal end. The mean distance from the root tip to the onset of the root band ranged from 0.23 to 0.7 mm, depending on the environment. The mean distance from the root tip to the onset of the root band was 0.46 mm, with a mean band length of 0.44 mm. The results illustrate the need to better characterize postmortem banding through quantitative measurements, including the range for root tip to band distance and the overall band length.