行政伦理建设:来自日本的经验

国家公务员伦理审查会是日本行政伦理事务的专业机构,日本国家公务员伦理法和公务员伦理规程是日本重要的行政伦理法典。日本行政伦理建设的特点在于确立了行政伦理的核心价值,重视程序规定和行政伦理法治化,制定了统一的伦理法典。借鉴日本行政伦理建设的经验,我国应建立行政伦理管理机构,制定完善的行政伦理法规,加强监督,推动权力规范运行,健全公务员制度,建设高素质的公务员队伍。     

论突发性灾害救济的公共伦理原则

我国是世界上灾害种类多、频次高、损失重的国家。抗灾救灾是我国国民经济和社会发展的一个重要组成部分 ,是事关中华民族生存与可持续发展的一个永恒主题。为了尽可能地减少灾害损失 ,取得最佳的救灾效果 ,在突发性灾害救济的过程中应当坚持的伦理原则有 :生命关怀优先性原则 ;损失最少化原则 ;整体利益大于局部利益原则 ;尊重灾害知情权原则。归结到一点 ,那就是要发扬社会主义人道主义原则。     

Institutional change in the European Parliament: balancing legislative ethics and parliamentary independence

Research on legislative ethics has shown how scandals often trigger ethics reform; yet, the content of the reform often differs from that of the scandal. Why is this the case? And if scandals don't explain legislative ethics reform outcomes, then what does? If not this kind of external shock, then what factor(s) shape legislative reform outcomes? These questions provide the point of departure for a case study of the European Parliament's 2011 ethics reform. Drawing from the legislative ethics literature and from recent theories of institutional change, the article examines the impact of the scandal that initiated the reform, the interests and strategies of reform agents who wanted a quick reform process that would not undermine the EP's independence; and the institutional order in which those actors were embedded. It argues that an institutional logics perspective offers a convincing and comprehensive account of EP ethics reform, and suggests a new analytical framework that might be used by researchers in future research on legislative ethics.     

论委托人与辩护律师的关系——以美国律师职业行为规范为切入的分析

“委托人与辩护律师的关系”在律师职业行为规范中处于核心的地位。相较于委托人与辩护律师基于合意而成立的民事合同关系,律师职业行为规范对辩护律师提出了更多更高的要求。这些要求体现在二者交往的多个方面,包括关系的成立、权利的分配、利益冲突的解决、关系的终止等。在这些规则的背后,辩护律师的忠诚义务和维护司法正义义务是贯彻始终的二大基本理念,其中,忠诚义务是核心,维护司法正义则为律师划定了行为的边界。在律师职业伦理亟待重新构建的我国,美国律师职业行为规范对我国在诸如调整委托人与律师的关系,即强调忠诚义务、引入有效辩护等方面具有重大的启发意义。     

The ICO and artificial intelligence: The role of fairness in the GDPR framework

The year 2017 has seen many EU and UK legislative initiatives and proposals to consider and address the impact of artificial intelligence on society, covering questions of liability, legal personality and other ethical and legal issues, including in the context of data processing. In March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office (UK) updated its big data guidance to address the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and to provide (GDPR), which will apply from 25 May 2018.This paper situates the ICO's guidance in the context of wider legal and ethical considerations and provides a critique of the position adopted by the ICO. On the ICO's analysis, the key challenge for artificial intelligence processing personal data is in establishing that such processing is fair. This shift reflects the potential for artificial intelligence to have negative social consequences (whether intended or unintended) that are not otherwise addressed by the GDPR. The question of ‘fairness’ is an important one, to address the imbalance between big data organisations and individual data subjects, with a number of ethical and social impacts that need to be evaluated.     

The Social Side of Sanctions: Personal and Social Norms as Moderators of Deterrence

In a survey of Australian citizens (valid N = 1,406), personal and social norms were found to moderate effects of deterrence on tax evasion. Personal, internalized norms of tax honesty were negatively related to tax evasion and moderated the effects of deterrence variables (i.e., sanction severity), suggesting deterrence effects only when individual ethics were weak. Perceived social norms, beyond those internalized as personal norms, were not directly related to tax evasion but moderated the effects of sanction severity. Only when social norms were seen as strongly in favor of tax honesty was sanction severity negatively related to tax evasion. This result held only for respondents who did not identify strongly as Australians. Hence, when internalized, norms delimit effects of deterrence; when considered external to one's self norms boost deterrence effects, giving social meaning to formal sanctions.     

道德情感教育与青少年犯罪的预防

青少年犯罪问题已成为当代中国的社会问题。青少年犯罪问题原因是复杂的、多变的、互动的。从社会学角度看,道德失范是导致青少年犯罪的主要原因。因此,抑制道德失范,建构适应时代的道德体系,创造良好的道德氛围,加强青少年道德情感,是社会各界值得警醒的问题。     

新世纪高校德育工作的挑战与对策

学校德育是实施以德治国方略的基础,在高等教育中具有导向性、能动性和保障作用。本文分析了当前高校德育工作面临的挑战和机遇,提出了加强和改进高校德育工作的新对策。     

网络伦理问题之我见

随着国际互联网的崛起和迅速普及,产生了一种新的全球性的社会组织形式———"网络社会",它对传统的社会道德观念、伦理体系提出了挑战,使人们面临着技术上的"可能"与伦理上的"应该"的严峻挑战,并带来了许多政治、法律、伦理道德问题。本文就构建网络伦理相关问题作一些探讨。     

Legal Practice and Modes of Dying: Bruno Latour,Technology and the Critical Legal Instance

Few who have ever observed the workings of a legal office would have witnessed a lawyer engaged in file management. Of course, lawyers, together with their clients, will construct the narrative that makes up the file, but the lawyer will not store it, nor see that it is properly labeled, nor ensure that its contents are in place, nor dust it, nor, finally, remove it for disposal at the end of whatever time is deemed sufficient for it to perform all of its functions. At a time when lawyers are being criticized for their levels of client care this paper explores the opportunities that the handling of the legal file affords for the development of an ethic of care that can then be transposed more broadly across legal practice. The essence of the argument is that the legal file is (as much as the client) a proper object of care, and that the care of the file – its maintenance and management – is an appropriate objective for lawyers, and necessary for the development of a legal profession that is truly ‘client-centered’. The argument is developed in three parts, and is largely informed by Bruno Latour’s works on being and technology as developed in We Have Never Been Modern, Aramis or the Love of Technology, and particularly, in an essay, published in 2002, entitled ‘Technology and Morality: The Ends of the Means’. The first part explores how the handling of the legal file exposes those engaged in this activity to legal histories, legal philosophies and legal ethics. The second part explores the content or nature of the obligation of care owed toward the file by the keeper of the file. It argues that the legal file represents human passions quelled or suppressed by legal conflict, and that ‘technical action’, falling broadly under the rubric of maintenance and handling, are ways in which care is expressed when the object of care is supine, dead or passing. The concluding part advances the care of technology as a means of preventing technological domination, or, in the terms of legal practice, the care of the file as a means of deflecting the development of a file culture.