消费者概念的法律思考

消费者是社会最终产品和服务的接受者,是购买、使用、持有、处分、接受商品和服务的人,是具有最终消费行为的主体。判断消费者的依据是最终消费行为,不应考虑行为者的目的、动机:是否以盈利为目的;是否为满足“生活需要”。在单位以最终消费主体而非以经营者身份与其他经营者形成的生活消费关系中,单位是消费者。     

新农村建设中农民精神文化需求探析

人作为社会性存在物,不仅具有物质需求,而且还有精神文化需求。随着农村经济社会快速发展和农民物质生活水平不断提高,农民的精神文化需求越来越旺盛,在建设社会主义新农村、创造新的生产生活方式、构建和谐社会和农村精神文明建设中所占的地位也越来越重要。为此,应从政府、社会公共文化服务层面、农民自身层面不断满足和提升农民的精神文化需求。     

解惑大学生就业难:基于需求导向的思考

功利主义大学观和功利主义就业观有其存在的需求基础,大学生就业难在很大程度上是由个体经济理性选择导致的集体行动悖论。因此,应从现代大学生以及用人单位的需求出发,不断扩大大学的投融资渠道;加强与用人单位在人才培养、教学实践以及专业能力考察和认证上的合作;根据用人单位的需求制定大学生就业发展规划,并将其融入大学生的整个培养过程,促进"大学生学业"的能力而非功利导向;推进"大学生就业"的发展和规划导向而非简单模仿的集体行动导向。     

美好生活的社会保护水准:社会政策体系中基本生活需要标准的建构

基本生活需要保障是我国不断满足人民美好生活需要的基础。构建基本生活需要标准,关键在于瞄准相对贫困目标、构建福利认证标准和消除社会排斥状态。基于人类需要理论和国外基本需要战略等相关研究,应以民生保障、适度普惠、多维满足和防止伤害等为具体目标,建构起具有中国特色的基本生活需要标准。这一标准分为最低标准和适当标准两个层次,包括收入、医疗、教育、住房和照料五个维度的货币指标和非货币指标。以"美好生活"为核心的新时代社会政策体系要在全面性与协调性、主动性与精准性、适度性与发展性三个方向着力保障人民基本生活需要,从消除绝对贫困走向解决相对贫困。     

Construct validity and internal reliability of the Finnish risk and needs assessment form

Validation of risk and needs assessment instruments used to predict, and reduce, recidivism and misconduct is of ethical, practical and scientific importance. We argue for a focus on variable (i.e. changeable over time) risk factors, and that validation begins with establishing construct validity. The Finnish Risk and Needs Assessment Form, in Finnish Riski- ja tarvearvio (RITA), is a semi-structured interview form adapted from the Offender Assessment System used in England and Wales and consists primarily of variable risk factors. In this study, we examined the construct validity and internal reliability of RITA. The results suggest that the original RITA sections do not provide an adequate statistical model for describing the relationship between scored questions, and we, therefore, offer an improved model. In our proposed model, several scores are influenced by more than one dimension of risk and the dimensions correlate with each other considerably. We suggest that the dimensions that can be measured with RITA are Problems managing economy, Alcohol problems, Resistance to change, Drug abuse and associated behaviour, Aggressiveness and Employment problems. All factors except Drug abuse and associated behaviour had very good internal reliability. We propose this new model to be used in future research with, and in development of, RITA.     

Dual-System Families: Cash Assistance Sequences of Households Involved With Child Welfare

Dual-system families, those involved with the child welfare system and receiving public cash assistance, may be more vulnerable than families connected to only one of the two systems. This study advances our understanding of the heterogeneous and dynamic cash-assistance histories of dual-system families in the post–welfare reform era. With merged administrative data from Washington over the period 1998–2009, we use cluster analysis to group month-to-month sequences of cash-assistance use among households over the 37-month period surrounding child removal. Close to two thirds of families who received any assistance either had a short spell with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or lost TANF. Smaller percentages had steady support. Families who lose assistance are less likely than average to reunify while those who connect to benefits are more likely, suggesting that coordination between systems may serve dual-system families well.     

学习需求分析与专门用途英语

需求分析是专门用途英语课程设计的前提,在专门用途英语课程设计中起着重要的作用。本文在简述需求分析的概念及其使用范围的基础上,分析了需求分析在专门用途英语教学中的重要性,并提出了应如何利用学习者的学习需求分析来设计专门用途英语课程。     

保持先进性建设先进性

党的先进性就是党在社会实践中符合社会发展客观规律,代表历史前进方向因而走在时代和群众前列的性质.这是一个不断建设的过程.我们党在这个建设中取得了历史性的辉煌,但是要保持这种先进性还必须要持续不断地建设.目前以人为本的科学发展观,就是这种成功建设的重要标志.     

我国财政绩效预算管理中存在的问题与对策

绩效预算是一种新的预算办法。我国在研究引进过程中存在认识上的误区,缺乏有针对性的制度规范,相关理论和实践不足,基础较为簿弱,科学化程序不足。文章认为应尽快制定相应的法律法规,建立正确的激励机制,构建科学的评价机制,做好宣传、培训、试点工作。