论社会发展的潜在动力：人的需要

人的需要是唯物史观的一个重要研究范畴，马克思主义认为人的需要是驱使人从事生产劳动的最初动因和目的。在满足需要的劳动过程中，生产力与生产关系形成，人的无限发展的需要，促使了生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑之间矛盾的发展，从而推动了社会的发展。由需要所引发的生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾运动不仅引发了社会制度的更替，而且，也会促使同一社会制度内的社会改革。     

罗伯特·皮尔“9条警务原则”价值评析

罗伯特·皮尔于1829年建立了"大伦敦警察厅",标志着近代制服警察制度的建立。在建警初期,罗伯特.皮尔提出的九项警务原则,深刻体现了英国警察的性质,使警察事业在英国取得了辉煌的成就,同时对世界许多国家的警察的发展产生了深远的影响,得到了各个历史时期警察的重视,体现了其思想在指导英国警察工作和改革等方面的价值。     

试论人的全面发展与建设小康社会

促进人的全面发展,必须关注人的需要和人的全面发展的关系.促进人的全面发展是全面建设小康社会的内在要求,全面建设小康社会是促进人的全面发展的实现条件和具体途径.     

Life Skill Service Needs: Perspectives of Homeless Youth

The present study describes the service needs related to life skill development from the perspective of sheltered homeless youth. Qualitative semistructured life narrative interviews addressing the use of services at an emergency shelter were administered to 30 youth. All youth were residig in an emergency shelter located in a large metropolitan area at the time of interview. Youth identified factors that influence their ability to access and utilize services, categorized as service availability, factors serving as access and/or barriers to services and lack of available services. Youth identify service delivery approaches and staff characteristics as impacting service delivery. Services such as counseling and childcare were identified as facilitating development and acquisition of life skills.     

Party effects on total and disaggregated welfare spending: A mixed-effects approach

Welfare is the largest expenditure category in all advanced democracies. Consequently, much literature has studied partisan effects on total and policy-specific welfare expenditure. Yet, these results cannot be trusted: the methodological standard is to apply time-series cross-section regressions to annual observation data. But governments hardly change annually. Thus, the number of observations is artificially inflated, leading to incorrect estimates. While this problem has recently been acknowledged, it has not been convincingly resolved. This article proposes mixed-effects models (also known as ‘multilevel models’ or ‘hierarchical models’) as a solution, which allows decomposing variance into different levels and permits complex cross-classification data structures. It is argued that mixed-effects models combine the strengths of existing methodological approaches while alleviating their weaknesses. Empirically, partisan effects on total and on disaggregated expenditure in 23 OECD countries in the period 1960–2012 are studied using several measures of party preferences and revealing several substantially relevant findings.     

The need for protection and punishment in victims of violent and nonviolent crime in the Netherlands: The effect of relational distance

A crime victim’s relationship to the offender is widely recognized as an important variable in the study of victims and the criminal justice system. However, studies concerning comparisons of the needs of victims at various relational distances to the offender are lacking. The authors studied how the victim’s need for protection and punishment correlated to the victim’s relational distance to the offender. The authors distinguished more than the usual two victim-offender relationships (known vs. stranger offender), so that the needs of victims at intermediate relational distance (offender is known to the victim, but not an intimate) to the offender might become visible. A total of 370 victims were interviewed about their reasons for reporting the crime. Respondents were divided into three groups: small (intimates), intermediate (nonintimates), and large (strangers) relational distance. While controlling for gender of the victim and type of crime, the needs of victims were found to vary with the relational distance to the offender.     

An Evaluation of Performance-Based Budget Reform in Asian Countries

This article investigates the effects of performance-based budgeting (PBB) adoption on the spending of the central government in eleven Asian countries over an 18-year period. The theoretical argument is that PBB does not permanently change the spending structure for various reasons, including but not limited to the lack of clear linkages between performance results and resource allocation. This hypothesis is supported by the study’s results, which suggest that PBB temporarily changes the spending size in some programs. However, such changes are not permanent; there are no structural changes in the baseline budget. These findings suggest that PBB may not be different than other budget reforms.     

Why International Organizations Should Bring Basic Needs Back in

An important milestone in the development debate is the recognition of poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon via the capabilities approach. However, a challenge remains in that many governments in less-developed countries continue to avoid prioritizing issues of absolute deprivation. This paper demonstrates how and why existing efforts to operationalize capabilities may distract policy makers from giving sufficient weight to issues of basic survival. We propose that international organizations can address this challenge through a method of triangulation: (1) identify how countries rank on universal goals of human development; (2) identify how countries rank on universal goals of basic needs provision; and (3) promote participatory poverty assessments. This approach ensures that absolute deprivation issues are addressed, and it establishes an acceptable (and necessary) balance between standardization and local complexity.     

Efficiency of subnational government expenditure towards elementary education and nutrition: Bootstrap data envelopment analysis for India

The need of translating increasing outlays into better outcomes on various public programmes has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide to focus more on the quality of public spending, often assessed in terms of its efficiency. The present article is a contribution to the existing literature on the subject in that it assesses the efficiency of government expenditure of Indian states for two most basic social services—elementary education and nutrition during 2014–2015 and 2018–2019 using data envelopment analysis and Malmquist productivity index techniques, in both input-oriented as well as output-oriented settings under variable returns to scale assumption; it constructs the average performance index for children at elementary education and malnutrition index for women and children to utilise them as output indicators; and it adopts a robust bootstrap truncated regression procedure to avoid various econometric issues while estimating the impact of selected environmental factors on bias-corrected inefficiency scores. The major findings of this article seem to suggest that, while states should be provided greater flexibility in their fiscal operations, they have to complement their fiscal autonomy with good governance to improve the efficiency of their spending on basic social services. Towards this end, states like Bihar, Jharkhand and those belonging to North-Eastern and Himalayan regions need special attention with a different set of development policies.     

转型期统一战线在社会各阶层需求诉求中的功能定位及路径选择

改革开放三十年来,我国经济社会结构的转型不断深化,社会分层进一步细化,转型期统一战线在社会各阶层需求诉求中的政治引导功能进一步凸显.但是,由于我们过去对转型期统一战线在社会各阶层需求诉求中政治引导功能的认识和理解较为笼统和模糊,因而在一定程度上制约和影响r统一战线法宝作用的发挥.为此,我们应该从社会转型的一般规律出发,充分利用统一战线诉求表达、利益整合、需求实现和精神抚慰的四大功能,进一步发挥转型期统一战线在社会各阶层需求诉求中的政治引导功能.