欧盟食品安全法律体系评析

欧盟经过近50年的改革和发展,逐步建立起完善而严谨的食品安全法律体系,《食品安全白皮书》以及第178／2002（EC）号法规即《食品基本法》是欧盟关于食品安全的基本法律,同时欧盟还制定有大量具体的食品安全法规及指令以及完整而详细的技术标准体系。欧盟对食品链实行从“农场到餐桌”的全程监管,欧洲食品安全管理局在食品安全监管中发挥着重要的作用。中国最近颁布实施了《食品安全法》及其实施条例,对于食品安全监管制度进行了改革,欧盟关于食品安全的法律体系、法律制度以及监管模式对于中国具有重要的借鉴意义。     

北京市污水管网的现状与发展

鉴于目前北京污水管网仍主要使用几十年前的刚性接口水泥管和传统的施工工艺，远落后于发达国家和上海、天津等城市的现状，提出了采用柔性管材、整体预制检查井及装配化快速施工工艺的措施和建议。     

论食品安全法草案立法新理念

经过4年的努力,<中华人民共和国食品安全法(草案)征求意见稿>终于在2008年4月20日向全国人民公布并征求意见.纵观<征求意见稿>我们不难发现以下四个新的立法理念:充分体现了"以人为本构建和谐社会"的立法理念;充分体现了从"农田到餐桌"的全程监管重在源头的监管理念;充分体现了充分发挥消费者作用的制衡理念;充分体现了加大违法成本的法经济学理念.这四大立法理念不仅是食品安全立法理念的创新,也将对相关立法产生深远的影响.     

食品安全不是食品卫生发展的高级阶段

通过食品的定义和对食品卫生、食品安全等相关概念进行比较,对食品在卫生与安全上存在的既卫生又安全的食品,卫生但不安全的食品、安全但不卫生的食品和不卫生不安全的食品四种现象的描述,提出了食品安全不是食品卫生发展的高级阶段、两者将长期并存、不会互相取代且反而可以相互促进的观点,并对两者的发展趋势进行了展望。     

产业竞争优势模型构建与实证研究——-以黑龙江绿色食品产业为例

产业竞争优势是一个动态变化的一组指标，它与产业结构优化与否有直接关系。本文以中国绿色食品产业为例，通过构建的竞争优势模型测定了绿色食品产业的综合竞争优势度，而且模型验证了结构优化对发展竞争优势的作用，通过分析得出：中国绿色食品产业已有的竞争优势因素已经淡出和衰退，需要通过优化结构、扩大企业规模和重点加强落后环节，发展新的竞争优势因素，从而使产业竞争优势从总体上得到巩固和发展。     

粮食安全是最大的民生——以泉州市为例

粮食始终是一种具有战略性的特殊商品,是人类最基本的需求和生存的底线.粮食安全是国家安全战略的重要组成部分,也是最大的民生问题.我国是粮食消费大国,当前,人口再生产与粮食增长失衡、粮食生产资源流失严重等威胁我国粮食安全的因素依然存在.为确保国家粮食安全,必须加强和规范粮食市场宏观调控,调动农民生产粮食的积极性,加大节约粮食、爱护粮食的宣传力度,制定<节粮法>,规范粮食消费行为.     

论食品安全法中的惩罚性赔偿责任

在食品安全领域适用惩罚性赔偿,具有补偿消费者维权成本,提高生产者、经营者违法成本,谒制违法行为再次发生等多种功能。《消费者权益保护法》中规定的惩罚性赔偿在食品消费领域仍有适用空间。《食品安全法》中规定以生产或销售不符合食品安全标准的食品作为适用惩罚性赔偿的前提不利于对消费者的保护和对违法者的惩罚;并且惩罚性赔偿标准偏低,并不能使惩罚性赔偿的多重功能得到完全释放,不应以食品价金来确定赔偿标准,应根据具体情况采取综合性标准来确定具体的赔偿数额。     

Postmortem Computed Tomography Findings of Upper Airway Obstruction by Food

Abstract: This study is a retrospective analysis of 14 cases with food bolus upper airway obstruction as the defined cause of death where both postmortem computed tomography and autopsy were performed. Three groups were defined by the images i.e., Type 1: foreign body situated between the oral cavity and oropharynx, while the epiglottis sits in normal position, Type 2: foreign body situated in the oropharynx just above the epiglottis pushing it posteriorly and obstructing the airway, and Type 3: foreign body obstructing the laryngeal inlet while pushing the epiglottis anteriorly. At the time of autopsy, foreign bodies were detected by pathologists, occasionally in a different position, presumably being dislodged in the act of organ removal especially for the “Type 1” pattern. CT imaging provides accurate interrogation of upper airway bolus obstruction prior to autopsy.     

TOWARDS A HUMAN DIGNITY BASED APPROACH TO FOOD SECURITY: LESSONS FROM CHINA AND INDIA

Despite almost halving the proportion of the world’s undernourished over the past two and half decades, the number of undernourished people in the world remains staggeringly high. Efforts to address the global state of food insecurity must target China and India, which are home to the world’s highest and second highest number of undernourished people. This article analyzes the comparative experiences of tackling food security in China and India and adopts an inter-disciplinary approach, which melds legal, economic, and human perspectives to food security. Both China and India have made concerted efforts to improve food security of vulnerable populations in the past three decades. These efforts have historically focused on actively promoting grain production, which has been largely successful in achieving grain self-sufficiency and securing adequate availability of food for their populations. However, the contemporary challenges to food security are now increasingly driven by unsustainable dietary patterns and are exacerbated by growing populations, increasing wealth, and the globalization of food supply chains. As a result, the cause of food insecurity is no longer fundamentally about food supply, but rather about the extent to which marginalized populations are empowered with the rights, freedoms, and capabilities that enable them to attain healthy and productive lives. China and India apply markedly different approaches to address the issue of people’s access to food. In India, the right to food movement has gained momentum through the work of civil society actors and there is now a legal right to food. In contrast, in China the right to food is neither stipulated in Chinese law nor referenced to in the official policy rhetoric as the country seeks to ensure access to food by focusing on poverty alleviation more generally through an income transfer program and a non-food based, social safety net to help the poor. At the same time, the Chinese population’s high educational level provides enormous potential for effective interventions and education on nutrition and health. A comparison of the approaches to food security in China and India ultimately reminds us that efforts to tackle food insecurity must center on human dignity, which requires more wide-ranging investment in enhancing people’s capabilities, combined with effective enforcement of the right to food.     

The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014: A Litany of Fundamental Flaws?

This article argues that the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014 are fatally flawed notwithstanding the apparent rigour of the process which produced them. These Regulations were the product of considerable deliberation following a sensitively executed public inquiry yet, it is argued, they rely too heavily on the rhetoric of criminal law while failing to take into account the competing norms for compliance and the impact of NHS budget constraints. Further, they push the CQC towards a heavy‐handed deterrence approach to enforcement, which will increase hostility between regulatees and the inspectorate, and ultimately reduce the scope for developing the transparency about failures which is sorely needed in the NHS. This article challenges the contemporary wisdom that it is primarily knee‐jerk regulatory responses that suffer from fatal flaws of this nature.