食品安全不是食品卫生发展的高级阶段

通过食品的定义和对食品卫生、食品安全等相关概念进行比较,对食品在卫生与安全上存在的既卫生又安全的食品,卫生但不安全的食品、安全但不卫生的食品和不卫生不安全的食品四种现象的描述,提出了食品安全不是食品卫生发展的高级阶段、两者将长期并存、不会互相取代且反而可以相互促进的观点,并对两者的发展趋势进行了展望。     

产业竞争优势模型构建与实证研究——-以黑龙江绿色食品产业为例

产业竞争优势是一个动态变化的一组指标，它与产业结构优化与否有直接关系。本文以中国绿色食品产业为例，通过构建的竞争优势模型测定了绿色食品产业的综合竞争优势度，而且模型验证了结构优化对发展竞争优势的作用，通过分析得出：中国绿色食品产业已有的竞争优势因素已经淡出和衰退，需要通过优化结构、扩大企业规模和重点加强落后环节，发展新的竞争优势因素，从而使产业竞争优势从总体上得到巩固和发展。     

粮食安全是最大的民生——以泉州市为例

粮食始终是一种具有战略性的特殊商品,是人类最基本的需求和生存的底线.粮食安全是国家安全战略的重要组成部分,也是最大的民生问题.我国是粮食消费大国,当前,人口再生产与粮食增长失衡、粮食生产资源流失严重等威胁我国粮食安全的因素依然存在.为确保国家粮食安全,必须加强和规范粮食市场宏观调控,调动农民生产粮食的积极性,加大节约粮食、爱护粮食的宣传力度,制定<节粮法>,规范粮食消费行为.     

TOWARDS A HUMAN DIGNITY BASED APPROACH TO FOOD SECURITY: LESSONS FROM CHINA AND INDIA

Despite almost halving the proportion of the world’s undernourished over the past two and half decades, the number of undernourished people in the world remains staggeringly high. Efforts to address the global state of food insecurity must target China and India, which are home to the world’s highest and second highest number of undernourished people. This article analyzes the comparative experiences of tackling food security in China and India and adopts an inter-disciplinary approach, which melds legal, economic, and human perspectives to food security. Both China and India have made concerted efforts to improve food security of vulnerable populations in the past three decades. These efforts have historically focused on actively promoting grain production, which has been largely successful in achieving grain self-sufficiency and securing adequate availability of food for their populations. However, the contemporary challenges to food security are now increasingly driven by unsustainable dietary patterns and are exacerbated by growing populations, increasing wealth, and the globalization of food supply chains. As a result, the cause of food insecurity is no longer fundamentally about food supply, but rather about the extent to which marginalized populations are empowered with the rights, freedoms, and capabilities that enable them to attain healthy and productive lives. China and India apply markedly different approaches to address the issue of people’s access to food. In India, the right to food movement has gained momentum through the work of civil society actors and there is now a legal right to food. In contrast, in China the right to food is neither stipulated in Chinese law nor referenced to in the official policy rhetoric as the country seeks to ensure access to food by focusing on poverty alleviation more generally through an income transfer program and a non-food based, social safety net to help the poor. At the same time, the Chinese population’s high educational level provides enormous potential for effective interventions and education on nutrition and health. A comparison of the approaches to food security in China and India ultimately reminds us that efforts to tackle food insecurity must center on human dignity, which requires more wide-ranging investment in enhancing people’s capabilities, combined with effective enforcement of the right to food.     

The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014: A Litany of Fundamental Flaws?

This article argues that the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014 are fatally flawed notwithstanding the apparent rigour of the process which produced them. These Regulations were the product of considerable deliberation following a sensitively executed public inquiry yet, it is argued, they rely too heavily on the rhetoric of criminal law while failing to take into account the competing norms for compliance and the impact of NHS budget constraints. Further, they push the CQC towards a heavy‐handed deterrence approach to enforcement, which will increase hostility between regulatees and the inspectorate, and ultimately reduce the scope for developing the transparency about failures which is sorely needed in the NHS. This article challenges the contemporary wisdom that it is primarily knee‐jerk regulatory responses that suffer from fatal flaws of this nature.     

Postmortem Computed Tomography Findings of Upper Airway Obstruction by Food

Abstract: This study is a retrospective analysis of 14 cases with food bolus upper airway obstruction as the defined cause of death where both postmortem computed tomography and autopsy were performed. Three groups were defined by the images i.e., Type 1: foreign body situated between the oral cavity and oropharynx, while the epiglottis sits in normal position, Type 2: foreign body situated in the oropharynx just above the epiglottis pushing it posteriorly and obstructing the airway, and Type 3: foreign body obstructing the laryngeal inlet while pushing the epiglottis anteriorly. At the time of autopsy, foreign bodies were detected by pathologists, occasionally in a different position, presumably being dislodged in the act of organ removal especially for the “Type 1” pattern. CT imaging provides accurate interrogation of upper airway bolus obstruction prior to autopsy.     

论食品安全法中的惩罚性赔偿责任

在食品安全领域适用惩罚性赔偿,具有补偿消费者维权成本,提高生产者、经营者违法成本,谒制违法行为再次发生等多种功能。《消费者权益保护法》中规定的惩罚性赔偿在食品消费领域仍有适用空间。《食品安全法》中规定以生产或销售不符合食品安全标准的食品作为适用惩罚性赔偿的前提不利于对消费者的保护和对违法者的惩罚;并且惩罚性赔偿标准偏低,并不能使惩罚性赔偿的多重功能得到完全释放,不应以食品价金来确定赔偿标准,应根据具体情况采取综合性标准来确定具体的赔偿数额。     

非“适度进口”的风险防范

"适度进口"是在公平国际贸易体制下,基于国内粮食供需平衡合理进口的农业可持续发展策略。受"新自由主义"、有限农业资源与GDP主义等因素的影响,特别是"基因革命","过度"的粮食进口将进一步加剧粮食市场结构性矛盾、农业环境与生命健康的潜在风险以及粮食主权的安全。为此,应以独立平等的立法权、"双反"的司法救济权与农业"特殊保障机制"的自卫权维护粮食主权;以完善农业政策立法调整粮食产业结构,使粮食供需与生态平衡,限制和禁止转基因粮食进口,构建"适度进口"策略的法律框架,确保粮食安全。     

欧盟食品安全法律体系评析

欧盟经过近50年的改革和发展,逐步建立起完善而严谨的食品安全法律体系,《食品安全白皮书》以及第178／2002（EC）号法规即《食品基本法》是欧盟关于食品安全的基本法律,同时欧盟还制定有大量具体的食品安全法规及指令以及完整而详细的技术标准体系。欧盟对食品链实行从“农场到餐桌”的全程监管,欧洲食品安全管理局在食品安全监管中发挥着重要的作用。中国最近颁布实施了《食品安全法》及其实施条例,对于食品安全监管制度进行了改革,欧盟关于食品安全的法律体系、法律制度以及监管模式对于中国具有重要的借鉴意义。     

The trade-ification of the food sustainability agenda

This contribution argues that the food sustainability agenda in global food governance arrangements is becoming ‘trade-ified’. It shows that international trade has become normalized in these settings not only as being compatible with, but also as a key delivery mechanism for, food system sustainability. The paper first explains the rationale for this dominant narrative, which revolves around the efficiency gains from trade. Second, it outlines two important critiques of this approach – one that stresses the need to look beyond food as an economic commodity, and one that reveals the internal flaws of trade theory – which together provide important counterpoints to this dominant narrative. Third, the paper offers three interrelated explanations for why trade continues to be presented as a key ingredient to food sustainability despite the weaknesses of the dominant approach: institutional fragmentation in global food governance; the carryover of previous normative compromises regarding trade and the environment in other governance settings; and the influence of powerful interests.