The influence of party leaders on women's representation in parliament, 1935–1975: the case of New Zealand

New Zealand women gained the vote in 1893, the first women in the world to do so. But they could not stand as candidates for Parliament. Early twentieth-century party leaders were reluctant to allow women full suffrage. This article examines the attitudes and influence of New Zealand party leaders from 1935 to 1975 in helping or hindering women gain representation in Parliament. It concludes that during those 40 years the most influential gatekeepers were the party leaders. By 1972, however, the Second Wave of Feminism and the changing attitudes of some party leaders resulted in women gaining more opportunities to become MPs and by 2001 an unprecedented number of women held leadership positions in the New Zealand Parliament.     

El ser del varón y el diseño de políticas públicas e intervención social con perspectiva de género

The purpose of this work is to examine the design and management of social policies from a perspective of masculinities. Various sources are reviewed -cultural, academic, educational, technical methodological- in order to broaden the standpoints from which male participation and responsibility have been considered. Finally, the study offers a series of valid and formally assembled findings to support the design and management of public policies oriented to gender equity with and from males, as it is of chief importance to promote the development of different male alternative patterns in view of overcoming violence, inequality, intolerance, discrimination, and inequity by means of political, social, and educational options.     

Chachawarmi: Rhetorics and Lived Realities

Latin America's turn away from neoliberalism and adoption of decolonising alternatives to development has been spearheaded—nowhere more so than Bolivia—by indigenous movements. The gender ideology of chachawarmi is part of this decolonisation programme, but has been criticised for disguising gendered exploitation. These tensions are explored by looking at, in Escobar's words, ‘the concrete struggles within particular communities’. Based on long‐term research in rural Bolivia, this article situates the chachawarmi ideal in the multiple influences on the recreation of gender identities, and considers the complex ways in which chachawarmi as mobilised politically may influence gendered power.     

日本对华认识研究方面的社会分层问题探析

日本对华认识研究的前提是完成对概念的界定与对研究对象的分析。围绕中日邦交正常化的实现,考察日本政界、经济界、舆论媒体、学界、民界各自发生的作用,能够发现日本社会对华认识的生成路径:政界的对华政策与经济界的经济利益谋求结合形成某个时期的日本对华认识框架;舆论媒体在此框架之下展开具倾向性的宣传,使此认识框架更加明晰;在此基础上,学界的研究与其遥相呼应,推动了社会舆论的形成;信息化的发展及各层次之间的相互利益纠葛使民间团体和一般民众的社会地位日益提高。故应实现对日本社会各阶层对华认识形成的原因、过程、影响力等进行全面、综合、详尽的研究。     

Anxious Images: Linder's Fem-Punk Photomontages

Discussion of British punk visual culture has generally been restricted to the work of the male protagonists, such as Jamie Reid's designs for the Sex Pistols. Jones seeks to present a wider view of punk imagery and its context by discussing the little-known photomontage work of the artist Linder Sterling during 1977-9. Her images are considered in the context of her other work (performance, music and graphic design), the concerns of radical feminism (namely, gender and representation) and feminist-inflected, iconoclastic photographic-based practices of the 1970s. Furthermore, drawing on the work of various theorists, such as Roland Barthes, Walter Benjamin and Angela McRobbie, he argues that Linder's use and subversion of mass media imagery represents a critique of constructed gender identities and the consumer society.     

Men in Skirts

There are signs that the wearing of skirts by men appears to be on the increase in the West. Connor's essay provides a series of historical reflections on the signification and cultural phenomenology of male and female apparel. The first appearance of bifurcated dress in the late mediaeval period is considered, along with the struggle between men and women for command of lateral space during the seventeenth century in Europe, as attested to by commentators like John Bulwer and John Evelyn. Explications are offered of the thematics of the fringe and the pocket, as they are dramatized in trousers and skirts, as well as of the logic of lightness and of the pendant. Trousers, Connors concludes, have never lost their fanciful associations with utility, practicality and rationality; they are the signs of occupation, of being taken up in what you do, rather than consumed in what you are. The political victory of the trousered over the untrousered races (Romans, Scots, Indians etc.) is confirmed by its inversion in male masochist fantasies of 'petticoat government', from the late nineteenth century onwards.     

The Gender Deficit: Everyday Practices of Differentiation in the Chilean Labour Market

We focus on the reproduction of gender inequality in the labour market, analysing everyday practices of social boundary demarcation that exclude women from accessing resources at work. We argue that women's diminished position in the labour market – or gender deficit – is a result of taken‐for‐granted, day‐to‐day practices, conditioning the distribution of resources. Taking Chilean professional women as a case study, we focus on labour market practices that uphold gendered evaluation criteria, reproduce social classifications, and engender exclusion through social boundary work that limits women's access to labour market benefits and rewards.     

Visible and invisible trauma: locating AIDS within a gendered framework in Darrell James Roodt’s Yesterday

Darrell James Roodt's Academy Award Nominated 2006 movie Yesterday explores how problematic gender dynamics in contemporary South Africa can influence the ways in which the issue of HIV/AIDS is perceived and dealt with socially. The film portrays the complex relationship between HIV/AIDS and identity as one that is both personal and public. Through the dramatization of a couple's experience of living with HIV/AIDS, Roodt's film considers a way in which the epidemic can be structured – through the framework of a gendered narrative. The film's portrayal of Yesterday's journey underlines how this narrative is filled with silences, a fear to disclose, and the blaming and punishment of the female as a scapegoat for HIV/AIDS.     

政治地位中的性别差距

全球范围内存在着程度不同的政治地位性别差距问题。造成政治性别差距的显性因素已经随着历史发展过程的推进而逐渐破除,但是形成政治地位上性别差距的隐性因素如文化、制度和人自身仍然在实践中大量存在,需要进一步关注和研究。去除我国女性政治发展边缘化隐性因素的关键在于：通过多种方式尤其是在媒体传播中增强社会性别意识,创造有利的文化舆论环境;公共政策尤其是党政干部的培养选拔要防止产生无意识损害女性群体政治权利的问题;女性领导者自身增强职业发展规划意识,实现从优秀到卓越的跨越。