Vulnerability among paupers: Determinants of individuals receiving poor relief in nineteenth-century northern Sweden

This study combines computerized parish registers with parish meeting records that account for individuals who received poor relief in the nineteenth-century Sundsvall region, Sweden. The combination of sources especially helps to explore the recipients who are overlooked in the literature or difficult to trace in historical data. Their demographic characteristics in relation to relief allocation and experiences prior to it are analyzed and show that they did not only share the occurrence of entitlement. Vast but insufficient family networks failed to give the recipients support to manage their distressed situation. Deaths and births of relatives jeopardized their capability to guarantee subsistence for them or their family, and so did also their gender and phase in the lifecycle. The multi-dimensional concept of vulnerability is employed to comprehend the dynamic determinants of poverty represented by individuals granted poor relief. It is argued that this concept has to be further developed but nevertheless helps to identify and stratify some of the vulnerabilities that characterized paupers in the past.     

经济全球化与中国政府治理变革

随着经济全球化的迅猛发展,治理和善治问题已经成为摆在中国政府面前的重大现实课题。当代中国政府治理变革的基本目标在于:推进有限政府、法治政府、分权政府和民主政府的制度建设,这四个要素乃是构成政府善治的最重要的制度平台。推动政府治理变革的主要动力来自于:开明政治家的改革取向、市场经济的内在要求、知识分子的理论力量、国际制度的制约力量以及全球竞争的外在压力。     

Reporting on financial derivatives –A Law and Economics perspective

Fearing Enron-like financial fiascos concerning derivatives, accounting standards boards have issued new standards aimed at promoting higher transparency and reducing information asymmetries. After persistent reluctance, and despite significant criticism, the pertinent International standard, with some exceptions, was finally adopted by the E.U., for the sake of intra-European and cross-Atlantic accounting harmonization, for which the standard constituted sine-qua-non. These reluctance and criticism are not unfounded, as the standards might paradoxically result in increased information asymmetries, not easily mitigated by additional disclosure, and ultimately resulting in distortion of capital allocation and corporate governance mechanisms. Suggestions for more efficient solutions are outlined herein. JEL Classification G34 · M40     

公司内部制衡机制的立法原则

一个良好的公司治理结构必须建立起公司内部权力制衡机制。其前提和基础是权责明确。本文通过法学和经济学的交叉分析 ,对公司治理结构中权力制衡机制的立法原则进行了讨论 ,提出了四个制衡的原则 :有效性、合理性、适度性和协调统一性。     

解读公共治理：双重维度分析

公共行政领域的治理应该界定为公共治理,它是指在自组织治理的基础上,政府参与其中并起“元治理”作用,政府与自组织形成互动型治理网络,共同谋求公共利益最大化的治理形式。从精神维度上看,公共治理追求自由与公平的终极价值,彰显公共性的本质,塑造理性化与契约化的公共精神,预设有限理性的政府;从制度维度上看,公共治理以自组织网络为组织基础,以“元治理”为政府角色,以有限政府为政府的制度形态,以后科层制为组织模式。此双重维度共八个要素相互支持、相互强化,支撑起了公共治理的理论大厦。     

农村妇女自杀问题探究

农村妇女自杀现象已成为当今社会的一个突出问题。农村妇女自杀分为冲动型自杀、悲观型自杀、威胁型自杀和报复型自杀4种类型。造成农村妇女自杀的原因很多,需要我们针对性地采取防范措施,并对她们的生存状况给予特别关注。     

合作社法律制度研究述评

现代意义上合作社法律制度研究到目前为止在我国已有近10年的历史积累,合作社的相关法律问题在法学和管理学界已得到了较为深入的探讨,文章在在当前的研究基础上对合作社的有关主要法律问题诸如合作社的法律性质、合作社的法律地位、合作社的立法体系、合作社的治理结构、合作社的竞争秩序规制、合作社的公共积累产权安排制度以及合作社的社会责任等作一述评.     

社会关系网络在求职过程中的马太效应分析

社会转型期弱势群体在就业过程中使用社会关系网络并不会带来更好的工作我们称这种现象为社会关系网络的马太效应。它主要是由我国的历史文化背景、社会关系网络本身、人力资本等因素的影响造成的。文中对此进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

MENTORS AND CRIMINAL ACHIEVEMENT*

Much of the research focusing on conventional occupations concludes that mentored individuals are more successful in their careers than those who are not mentored. Early research in criminology made a similar claim. Yet contemporary criminology has all but ignored mentors. We investigate this oversight, drawing on Sutherland's insights on tutelage and criminal maturation and incorporating ideas on human and social capital. We argue that mentors play a key role in their protégés' criminal achievements and examine this hypothesis with data from a recent survey of incarcerated adult male offenders in the Canadian province of Quebec. In this sample, a substantial proportion of respondents reported the presence of an influential individual in their lives who introduced them to a criminal milieu and whom they explicitly regarded as a mentor. After studying the attributes of offenders and their mentors, we develop a causal framework that positions criminal mentor presence within a pathway that leads to greater benefits and lower costs from crime.